Sedentary Behavior, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Physical Activity, and Cardiometabolic Risk in Men: The Cooper Center Longitudinal Study

Shuval, Kerem; Finley, Carrie E.; Barlow, Carolyn E.; Gabriel, Kelley Pettee; Léonard, David; Kohl, Harold W.

doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.04.026

Cited by 86 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…101 Shuval et al 102 found that prolonged baseline sedentary behavior (TV viewing or sitting in a car) was not associated with metabolic syndrome incidence in men. Sedentary time assessed from objective measures examining development of metabolic syndrome has not been reported.…”

Section: Metabolic Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Sedentary Behavior and Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association

et al. 2016

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Epidemiological evidence is accumulating that indicates greater time spent in sedentary behavior is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adults such that some countries have disseminated broad guidelines that recommend minimizing sedentary behaviors. Research examining the possible deleterious consequences of excess sedentary behavior is rapidly evolving, with the epidemiologybased literature ahead of potential biological mechanisms that might explain the observed associations. This American Heart Association science advisory reviews the current evidence on sedentary behavior in terms of assessment methods, population prevalence, determinants, associations with cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality, potential underlying mechanisms, and interventions. Recommendations for future research on this emerging cardiovascular health topic are included. Further evidence is required to better inform public health interventions and future quantitative guidelines on sedentary behavior and cardiovascular health outcomes. E vidence is accumulating that sedentary behavior might be associated with increased cardiovascular-specific and overall mortality. Insufficient physical activity predicts premature cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and disease burden, such that the United States and other developed countries have issued physical activity guidelines, but these guidelines are specific to physical activity and do not include sedentary behavior.1 Sedentary behavior guidelines to reduce the risk of chronic diseases for adults have been developed in some countries, but they are broadly stated and nonquantitative. For example, Australia and the United Kingdom have public health guidelines stating that adults should minimize the amount of time spent being sedentary (sitting) for extended periods.2,3 Such broad public health guidelines for adults are likely appropriate, because evidence is still accumulating regarding the strength of the association, the evidence for causation (including understanding mechanisms), and the support for dose-response relationships that demonstrate sedentary behavior to be an independent risk factor for adverse health outcomes. Although at one time, excess sedentary behavior was considered to be at one end of the continuum of physical activity such that a person with no moderateto-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was considered "sedentary," consensus is building that sedentary behavior is distinct from lack of MVPA. Even the word "sedentary," derived from the Latin "sedentarius" and defined as "sitting, remaining in one place," connotes a different set of behaviors than non-MVPA. 4 Thus, researchers studying MVPA, physical inactivity, and sedentary behavior are now viewing these behaviors as separate entities with their own unique determinants and health consequences. CLiniCAL STATEMEnTS And GUidELinESThis American Heart Association science advisory summarizes the existing evidence about sedentary behavior as a potential risk factor for CVD and...

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Section: Metabolic Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Sedentary Behavior and Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association

et al. 2016

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“…8 Conversely, after 3 weeks of bed rest, V O2max decreased 25% in healthy men. 9 As a result, measures of aerobic capacity have been used to "validate" self-reported physical activity.…”

Section: Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Cardiovascular Riskmentioning

confidence: 96%

Behavioral Cardiovascular Risk Factors　– Effect of Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness on Cardiovascular Outcomes –

Spencer

Heidecker

Ganz

2016

Circ J

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34SPENCER RM et al. Circulation JournalOfficial Journal of the Japanese Circulation Society http://www. j-circ.or.jp CVD and stroke by 20%." 4 The committee was tasked with defining cardiovascular health, a concept that encompasses the presence of 7 ideal health behaviors and factors, including physical activity level. Thus, the AHA claims that cardiorespiratory fitness is an uncertain risk factor, but physical activity at goal levels is an ideal health behavior. This review aims to distinguish physical activity from physical fitness, more specifically cardiorespiratory fitness, as well as to address the question whether physical inactivity and cardiorespiratory fitness are independent risk factors for CVD. Definition of TermsAlthough physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness are closely related, they are distinct and require unique assessment methods. Physical activity is defined as "any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure." 5 Physical activity is measured via criterion methods, objective methods, and subjective methods. 6 Criterion methods include doubly labeled water, indirect calorimetry, and the gold standard, direct calorimetry. Doubly labeled water measures metabolic rate and requires ingesting 2 isotopes of water and assessing the difference in elimination rates of the isotopes over a certain time period. 6 Indirect calorimetry uses oxygen consumption or carbon dioxide elimination to indirectly estimate energy expenditure, while direct calorimetry measures energy expenditure through heat production. 6 Objective methods of physical activity include pedometers, accelerometers, espite major improvements in its treatment, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. 1,2 In 2012, 17.5 million people died of CVD and this figure is expected to grow to 23.6 million by 2030. 2 Thus, understanding risk factors is integral to the prevention of CVD-related morbidity and mortality. Preserving cardiovascular health and treating modifiable risk factors instead of advanced disease benefits the long-term health of patients. Models for risk prediction have evolved since cardiovascular epidemiology began in the 1930 s. Various 5-and 10-year risk prediction models have been widely adopted, and include common variables such as age, sex, cholesterol, smoking status, diabetes, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP, DBP). However, despite abundant research focused on understanding the effect of physical activity and fitness on cardiovascular outcomes, these risk models do not include physical activity or fitness. In 2013, the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Work Group examined the contribution of potential risk markers, including cardiorespiratory fitness, to risk assessment or reclassification when added to traditional variables. 3 At that time, they concluded that the evidence for contribution of cardiorespiratory fitness to risk assessment for a first atherosclerotic CVD event was inconclusive. 3 Wh...

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“…Through objective activity monitoring we found modest daily increases in activity in addition to significant reductions in sedentary time. This study does not allow a determination of the independent effect of increased time in activity and reduction in sedentary behavior on outcomes; however, both likely contributed to the significant improvement in CD34 + progenitor cells, endothelial outcomes, and lipid profile as sedentary behavior is now recognized as a significant risk factor contributing to CVD [26,27]. Most data from healthy individuals reveal that moderate to high intensity weight-bearing exercise training is necessary to elicit an increase in circulating CD34 + progenitor cells [28].…”

Section: The Influence Of Physical Activity On Cd34 + Progenitor Cellsmentioning

confidence: 96%

A Six-Week Home Exercise Program Improves Endothelial Function and CD34⁺Circulating Progenitor Cells in Patients With Pre-Diabetes

et al. 2015

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Background: Pre-diabetes is associated with endothelial dysfunction and affects endothelium-associated stem cells. Lifestyle modification has been shown to prevent the progression from pre-diabetes to overt type 2 diabetes; however, the effect of such interventions on CD34 + progenitor cells in pre-diabetes participants has not been tested. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a home-based 6-week exercise intervention improved vascular function, circulating number, function, and gene expression of circulating CD34 + progenitor cells in patients with pre-diabetes.

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Sedentary Behavior, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Physical Activity, and Cardiometabolic Risk in Men: The Cooper Center Longitudinal Study

Cited by 86 publications

References 37 publications

Sedentary Behavior and Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association

Sedentary Behavior and Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association

Behavioral Cardiovascular Risk Factors　– Effect of Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness on Cardiovascular Outcomes –

A Six-Week Home Exercise Program Improves Endothelial Function and CD34⁺Circulating Progenitor Cells in Patients With Pre-Diabetes

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Sedentary Behavior, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Physical Activity, and Cardiometabolic Risk in Men: The Cooper Center Longitudinal Study

Cited by 86 publications

References 37 publications

Sedentary Behavior and Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association

Sedentary Behavior and Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association

Behavioral Cardiovascular Risk Factors – Effect of Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness on Cardiovascular Outcomes –

A Six-Week Home Exercise Program Improves Endothelial Function and CD34+Circulating Progenitor Cells in Patients With Pre-Diabetes

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Behavioral Cardiovascular Risk Factors　– Effect of Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness on Cardiovascular Outcomes –

A Six-Week Home Exercise Program Improves Endothelial Function and CD34⁺Circulating Progenitor Cells in Patients With Pre-Diabetes