Sedative Effect of Clove Oil and 2-Phenoxyethanol on Marine Clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris) and Freshwater Swordfish (Xiphophorus helleri)

Abstract

Authors' Contribution MAH organized and conducted research, wrote the text and made statistics. CS helped in the research. SS helped in the statistics. KF helped during the trial and writing.

ANESTHETIC EFFICACY OF CLOVE OIL AND 2-PHENOXYETHANOL ON DOCTOR FISH, <i>Garra rufa</i> (HECKEL, 1843)

“…The ratio of the major components (Eugenol: 80.56%) in the content of the clove oil used in the present study seems to be compatible with the eugenol ratios approximately 70-90% in other studies (Akbulut et al, 2012;Ghanawi et al, 2013). Hekimoğlu et al (2017) stated eugenol ratio in clove oil was 96.1%. As in Hekimoğlu et al (2017), the ratio of eugenol in clove oil could be different from this range in some studies, and this may cause variations in the results.…”

“…Hekimoğlu et al (2017) stated eugenol ratio in clove oil was 96.1%. As in Hekimoğlu et al (2017), the ratio of eugenol in clove oil could be different from this range in some studies, and this may cause variations in the results. As reported by Mylonas et al (2005), we found that clove oil was effective at 4-fold lower concentrations than 2-phenoxyethanol on doctor fish.…”

“…Clove oil as most popular plant originated essential oil as an anesthetic agent is obtained by the distillation of the leaves, stems, and flowers of Eugenia aromatica or Eugenia caryophylata trees and its active ingredient is eugenol at concentrations of approximately 70-90% by volume (Mylonas et al, 2005;Ross and Ross, 2008;Javahery et al, 2012;Mitjana et al, 2014). Another most widely used anesthetic in aquaculture is 2-phenoxyethanol, which is an aromatic liquid and colorless, and reasonably water-soluble chemical (Hekimoğlu et al, 2017;Mitjana et al, 2018). Clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol are increasingly used in aquaculture operations due to its low cost, availability, efficacy and easy preparation features in most fish species (Ghanawi et al, 2013;Santos et al, 2015;Adel et al, 2016;Mitjana et al, 2018).…”

“…Clove oil, also used as a natural anesthetic drug, does not require any withdrawal period in contrast to some anesthetics like MS-222, and it also has been shown to be safe for humans (Javahery et al, 2012). These two anesthetic agents have been evaluated in various fish species such as Sparus aurata and Oncorhynchus mykiss (Tort et al, 2002), Dicentrarchus labrax and S. aurata (Mylonas et al, 2005), Solea senegalensis (Weber et al, 2009), Pterophyllum scalare (Mitjana et al, 2014), Argyrosomus regius (Cárdenas et al, 2016), Acipenser persicus (Adel et al, 2016), Silurus glanis (Gökçek et al, 2016), Amphiprion ocellaris and Xiphophorus helleri (Hekimoğlu et al, 2017), Poecilia reticulata (Mitjana et al, 2018).…”

Spurge ( Euphorbia rigida ) exhibits anaesthetic effect in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) without altering plasma cortisol levels

“…Regain of fish behaviours such as regular swimming and feeding in a short time after anaesthesia is another critical parameter for determining the reliability of anaesthetic agents. (Soto & Burhanuddin, 1995; Gregory & Wood, 1999; Hoskonen & Pirhonen, 2006; Hekimoğlu et al, 2017).…”