The effect of replacement of fish meal (FM) in diets with sand smelt meal (SSM) on fatty acid composition of carp fry, Cyprinus carpio, was examined. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic (38% crude protein, 15.75 kJ g -1 ) diets replacing 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% FM protein by SSM protein were formulated. Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish in aquaria, and each aquarium was stocked with 20 fish (initial average weight of 0.300±0.65 g fish -1 ). Fish were fed twice daily to apparent satiation for 13 weeks. Results indicated that final weight, specific growth rate and feed efficiency ratio of fish fed with different SSM replacement diets did not differ significantly (p>0.05) from fish fed the control diet, except for 100% SSM level. No significant differences were noted among experimental treatments on dry matter, protein, lipid and ash contents of the fish body composition (p>0.05). Fatty acid analysis showed that saturated fatty acids in fish muscle significantly decreased, but monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) did not change with increasing dietary SSM. However, some changes also could be observed for some particular fatty acids in experimental fish. For example, the amounts of 15:0, 17:0, 18:1n-7, 18:2n-6 and 22:5n-3 significantly increased, but 16:0, 18:1n-9, 18:3n-3 and 20:1 n-9 significantly decreased with increasing dietary SSM. Total n-6 PUFA increased with increasing dietary SSM, but total n-3 PUFA were not changed in muscle of fish fed the experimental diets. The ratio of n-3 to n-6 was not affected significantly in muscle of fish fed the experimental diets containing different proportions of SSM, including the control diet.

In this study, juvenile rainbow trout fed with commercial pellets containing kefir provided increased nonspecific immune response and improved disease resistance against lactococcosis and yersiniosis. Kefir was used as a feed supplement at 2, 5, and 10% inclusion rates and several nonspecific immune parameters were observed at day(s) 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 following the treatment. A total of four experimental groups, including control, was established. The various parameters including hematocrits, nitroblue tetrazolium positive neutrophils, total leukocytes, serum lysozyme activity, total serum protein, and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels were examined. As a result of this study, kefir‐fed fish had an increase in measured nonspecific immune parameters, especially in the group received the 10% kefir treatment. The challenged fish fed with kefir‐supplemented diet showed a better survival rate against Lactococcus garvieae than Yersinia ruckeri. Kefir supplementation reduced fish mortality significantly against L. garvieae.

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A study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding with diets containing kefir on growth performance and fatty acid profile of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Four isonitrogenous (450 g protein kg−1) and isocaloric (4325 kcal kg−1) diets were prepared in trout feed to contain 0 (control), 20, 50 and 100 g kg−1 kefir. Fish, initial weight of 46 g, were randomly distributed into triplicate 520‐L fibreglass tanks in freshwater flow‐through system. Fish were fed at 4% of the body weight thrice a day for 12 weeks. The results indicated that survival rate ranged from 97.14 to 100% without significant difference among treatments (p > .05). Whole‐body moisture and lipid composition were significantly affected by diets containing different levels of kefir (p < .05), but no differences were determined in protein and ash. Furthermore, the fatty acid profile of flesh showed differences among the groups. The percentages of saturated fatty acid in the flesh lipid decreased, while 18:3n‐3 and polyunsaturated fatty acids were increased at higher substitution levels of kefir grain. The present study showed that up to 100 g kg−1 supplementation of kefir in diets could be improve the fatty acid profile, especially PUFA, in fish flesh without adverse effect on the growth, feed utilization and survival rate of rainbow trout.

This study aimed to determine the anesthetic efficacy of clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol on doctor fish (Garra rufa) at two different water temperatures. Experimental fish (1.2 ± 0.2 g mean weight) were subjected to 25, 50, 75 and 100 μL L-1 clove oil and 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 μL L-1 2-phenoxyethanol concentrations at water temperature of 15 and 25 °C, and the induction and recovery times were investigated. Results showed that induction and recovery times in doctor fish were significantly affected by clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol concentrations as well as water temperature. The interaction of anesthetic concentration and water temperature on all induction stage time was significant in clove oil. Between the anesthetic concentration and temperature interaction was significant for recovery times in both anesthetic agents. The induction time decreased significantly with increasing concentration of both anesthetic agents at water temperature of 15 and 25 °C. The lowest effective concentrations that produced induction within 3 min and recovery within 5 min were 50-75 μL L-1 of clove oil and 300 μL L-1 of 2-phenoxyethanol in both 15 and 25 °C respectively. The results also indicated that clove oil was effective at 4-fold lower concentrations than 2-phenoxyethanol, but the recovery time was longer than 2-phenoxyethanol. These results suggest that clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol were effective anesthetics and could be used as anesthetic agents in doctor fish.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as an alternative protein source on carcass composition, fatty acid composition, skin, and fillet coloration of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Four isoproteic (45.5% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.42 MJ/kg) diets were formulated using DDGS (0, 10, 20 and 30%) for a feeding trial of 84 days. Fish (mean initial weight of 19.88 g) were distributed into triplicate treatments at a rate of 25 fish per 200 L tanks and fed to satiation with the experimental diets three times a day. The results of the present study show that the coloration of experimental fish was not modified negatively by the use of DDGS protein sources in diets. Carcass composition values were also not affected by increased DDGS, although some fatty acids were affected. Total saturated fatty acids, total monounsaturated fatty acids, total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (Σn-3 PUFA) and Σn-3 PUFA/total n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (Σn-6 PUFA) values of the fish in the experimental groups were found to be statistically similar. On the other hand, palmiteloic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and Σn-3 PUFA decreased, while linoleic acid, Σn-6 PUFA and ΣPUFA increased significantly. In conclusion, the fatty acid composition of fish muscle was affected by the use of DDGS up to a rate of 30% in rainbow trout diet, while no negative effect on the skin and fillet coloration could be found.

Öz: Bu derlemede, denizel makroalg özütlerinin antimikrobiyal özellikleri üzerine yapılan çalışmalar araştırılmıştır. Birçok araştırmacı, makroalg özütlerinin antimikrobiyal aktivitesini belirlemek için çalışmalar yapmıştır. Çeşitli literatürlerde, yeşil, kahverengi ve kırmızı makroalg özütlerinin, maya, küf ve bakterilere karşı antimikrobiyal aktiviteye sahip olduğu bildirilmektedir. Denizel makroalg özütlerinin antimikrobiyal etkisinin içeriğinde bulunan kimyasal bileşenlerden (aminoasitler, yağ asitleri, terpenoidler, florotanninler, fenolik bileşenler, steroidler, halojenli ketonlar ve alkanlar gibi) kaynaklandığı rapor edilmektedir. Bu derlemenin amacı, denizel makroalg özütlerinin antimikrobiyal özelliklerini araştırmak ve mikroorganizmalara karşı antimikrobiyal aktivitelerini göstermektir.Abstract: In this review, it was searched conducted research studies on antimicrobial properties of marine macroalgae extracts. Many researchers were studied to determine the antimicrobial activity of macroalgae extracts. In several literatures stated that have been found antimicrobial activity in the extracts of green, brown and red macroalgae against fungi, yeast and bacteria. The antimicrobial compounds derived from consist of diverse groups of chemical compounds (aminoacids, fatty acid, terponoids, phlorotannins, phenolic compounds, steroids, halogenated ketones and alkanes etc.). The aim of this review was to investigate antimicrobial properties of marine macroalgae extracts and to indicate antimicrobial activities against microorganism.

The effect of replacement of fish meal (FM) with graded level of poultry by-product meal (PBM) in diets on growth performance and fatty acid composition of carp fry (Cyprinus carpio) was examined in the experiment. Five isonitrogenous (34% crude protein), isolipidic (9% crude lipid) and isoenergetic (15.0 MJ/kg DE) experimental diets replacing 0 (control group), 25, 50, 75 and 100% of FM protein by PBM protein were formulated with lysine, methionine and threonine supplementation in order to balance the amino acid profiles of the experimental diets. Each diet was fed to twice daily to apparent satiation of groups of twenty fry (mean weight 0.39 g fish -1) stocked into 65L glass aquaria to maintain three replicates per treatment. At the end of the experiment, body weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and feed conversion ratio decreased with increased dietary replacement of FM with graded levels of PBM, while condition factor, hepatosomatic indices, viscerosomatic indices and whole body composition did not exhibit significant differences among the experimental groups (P>0.05). There were significant differences in total fatty acid composition of each experimental group. Values of Σn-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and Σn-3/Σn-6 ratio in the muscle of fish decreased. No significant differences in saturated fatty acids values were observed in fish, while monounsaturated fatty acids values increased as the PBM level increased in the diet. Keywords: Cyprinus carpio, feeding, fishmeal replacement, poultry by-product meal, growth, fatty acids.protein (Hardy, 2010). However, FM is the most expensive and limited availability (Nguyen et al., 2009). Hence, the aquafeed industry has to search for less expensive alternative protein sources to reduce Sazan (Cyprinus carpio) Yavrusunun Büyüme Performansı ve Yağ Asit Kompozisyonu Üzerine Tavuk Kesim Atıkları Ununun Etkisi ÖzetBu çalışmada, aynalı sazan (Cyprinus carpio) yavru yeminde balık unu proteini yerine tavuk kesim atıkları ununun (TKAU) artan seviyelerde kullanımının balıklarda büyüme performansı ve yağ asidi kompozisyonu üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Protein (%34 ham protein), yağ (%9 ham yağ) ve enerji (15,0 MJ/kg SE) değerleri eşit olmak üzere balık unu proteini yerine TKAU proteini %0 (kontrol grubu), %25, %50, %75 ve %100 oranında ilave edilerek beş farklı deneme yemi hazırlanmıştır. Ayrıca hazırlanan yemlerin amino asit içeriklerini dengelemek için lisin, metiyonin ve tironin ilave edilmiştir.Deneme, 65L'lik 15 cam akvaryumun her birinde 20 balık (ortalama ağırlık 0,39 g) olacak şekilde üç tekrarlı olarak planlanmıştır. Deneme grubu balıkları günde iki kez doyuncaya kadar 13 hafta süre ile beslenmiştir. Deneme sonunda, vücut ağırlık kazancı, spesifik büyüme oranı, protein etkinlik oranı ve yem dönüşüm oranı TKAU'nun artan oranlarını içeren yemlerle beslenen balıklarda azalırken, kondüsyon faktörü, hepatosomatik indeks, visserosomatik indeks ve balık eti kimyasal kompozisyonunda önemli bir farklılık görülmemiştir (P>0,05). Deneme grubu b...