Sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of acepromazine, midazolam, butorphanol, acepromazine-butorphanol and midazolam-butorphanol on propofol anaesthesia in goats

Abstract

The study was conducted to study the effect of acepromazine and midazolam along with ketamin on haematological parameters in yak. Twelve clinically healthy yaks of either sex and below 2 years of age from yak farm of ICAR-National Research Centre on Yak, Dirang, Arunachal Pradesh were selected for the study. Yak were randomly divided into two groups, Group AK and Group MK i.e. six animals in each group. The animals in Group AK received acepromazine @0.1mg/kg body weight IM followed by ketamine @2.5mg/kg body weight IM after 15 minutes and the animals in Group MK received midazolam @0.5mg/kg body weight IM followed by ketamine @2.5mg/kg body weight IM after 15 minutes. Venous blood samples were collected at 0 (baseline) and at 15, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after administration of anaesthetic agents to monitor the haematological parameters which included haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count and total leukocyte count. The changes in haematological parameters in both the group were within the normal physiological limit. Based on the findings, both the anaesthetic combinations were found safe to be used in yak.

Sedative, analgesic, cardiopulmonary and haemodynamic effects of medetomidine-butorphanol and midazolam-butorphanol on thiopental-propofol anaesthesia in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

“…It was found that the combination of butorphanol and medetomidine in the present study offered advantages over the reported action of the drug when used alone. Lack of improvement in degree of sedation when butorphanol is combined with midazolam is in agreement with the findings of Dzikiti et al (2009). In P1 group the quality of analgesia was excellent.…”

Total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) with propofol-fentanyl and propofol-midazolam combinations in spontaneously-breathing goats

“…Although midazolam induced heavy sedation in the present study, it was likely that the maximal effect of midazolam was not achieved by the time propofol was administered. Also, the median induction dose of propofol (3.97 mg kg ) previously reported after intramuscular administration of midazolam (Dzikiti et al, 2009), which is further evidence that the maximal sedative effects of midazolam were not achieved by one minute. In an earlier study by Dzikiti et al, 2009 using the same goats as in the present study, a mean propofol dose of 5.3 mg kg -1 was needed for induction in non-premedicated goats and a median propofol dose of 5.1 mg kg -1 was reported in the study by Pablo et al, 1997.…”

“…Midazolam has been reported to produce sedation in goats (Stegmann & Bester, 2001;Dzikiti et al 2009) and decrease the induction dose of propofol in goats (Dzikiti et al 2009). In a previous study, the maximal sedative effects of midazolam were observed at 5 minutes following intravenous administration (Stegmann & Bester, 2001).…”

“…Midazolam's sedative effects are due to its agonist actions at gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors (Cao et al 2002). In goats, midazolam administered at 0.3 mg kg -1 caused clinically significant sedation and a 40% reduction in the dose of propofol required for induction of anaesthesia (Dzikiti et al 2009) In the present study, we assessed the anaesthetic efficacy and cardiopulmonary effects of TIVA from propofol co-administered with either fentanyl or midazolam, in goats. We tested the hypothesis that TIVA with either propofol-fentanyl or propofolmidazolam would produce similar anaesthestic and cardiopulmonary effects.…”

Effects of midazolam on isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration in goats

“…The mean arterial blood pressure and SpO 2 obtained even after administration of the highest dose of midazolam in this study were within normal physiological limits and were similar to baseline values within a group. It is well documented in literature that midazolam, especially when used alone does not cause significant changes on cardiopulmonary function (Mehlisch, 2002;Dzikiti et al, 2009). It is important to maintain body temperature, blood pressure and tissue oxygenation within normal physiological limits as was done in the present study because hypothermia, severe hypotension and hypoxaemia are all known to reduce isoflurane MAC (Eger, 2002).…”