Securing Platinum-Group Metals for Transport Low-Carbon Transition

Hao, Han; Geng, Yong; Tate, James; Liu, Feiqi; Sun, Xin; Mu, Zhe-Xuan; Xun, Dengye; Liu, Zongwei; Zhao, Fuquan

doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2019.08.012

Cited by 58 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…These metals, characterized by high catalytic activities, are indispensable ingredients for fuel cells. The comparison of projected future global platinum group metal demand with resource endowment implies a less challenging future compared with the situation for lithium in a HDV electrification scenario 11 . It is therefore proposed that fuel cell vehicles should be prioritized for decarbonizing the HDV segment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lithium inflow, outflow, and stock associated with PEVs are simulated by using the Transport Impact Model (TIM) developed by the China Automotive Energy Research Center at Tsinghua University 11,14 . TIM is a technology-rich, bottom-up approached model that is used to simulate the energy, environmental, and resource impacts from the global transport sector.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of transport electrification on critical metal sustainability with a focus on the heavy-duty segment

et al. 2019

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The majority of transport electrification studies, examining the demand and sustainability of critical metals, have focused on light-duty vehicles. Heavy-duty vehicles have often been excluded from the research scope due to their smaller vehicle stock and slower pace of electrification. This study fills this research gap by evaluating the lithium resource impacts from electrification of the heavy-duty segment at the global level. Our results show that a mass electrification of the heavy-duty segment on top of the light-duty segment would substantially increase the lithium demand and impose further strain on the global lithium supply. The significant impact is attributed to the large single-vehicle battery capacity required by heavy-duty vehicles and the expected battery replacement needed within the lifetime of heavy-duty vehicles. We suggest that the ambition of mass electrification in the heavy-duty segment should be treated with cautions for both policy makers and entrepreneurs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of transport electrification on critical metal sustainability with a focus on the heavy-duty segment

et al. 2019

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“…This means that there is a difference between renewable energy and sustainable energy. The choice to encourage the use of renewable fuels for transport might have significant consequences for other resources, not only for land and water but also for scarce raw materials [9,71]. The Dutch policy to encourage the use of electricity for transport must also be seen in a broader context.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Access to materials, processes and natural resources will nearly always encounter natural limits [2]. Hao et al [9], for example, have shown that hydrogen fuel cell vehicles depend on the availability of platinum, a scarce natural resource with regional supply limitations. Recently, many studies have analyzed the effects of a shift from traditional transport fuels towards less CF-intensive fuels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Consequences of Transport Low-Carbon Transitions and the Carbon, Land and Water Footprints of Different Fuel Options in The Netherlands

Gerbens-Leenes

Holtz

2020

Water

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Transport greenhouse gas emissions are mainly caused by the use of fossil fuels, e.g., gasoline and diesel. This case study for The Netherlands calculates how alternative fuels, e.g., electricity, hydrogen or biofuels, contribute to policy aims to decarbonize transport. Alternative fuels, produced in various ways, have different carbon (CF), land (LFs) and water footprints (WFs). This study assesses CFs, LFs and WFs for fuels (kgCO2e/m2/m3 per GJ), showing differences among fuels dependent on primary energy sources. It calculates CFs, LFs and WFs for four scenarios with different fuels. The biofuel scenario is not attractive. CFs slightly decrease, while LFs and WFs increase enormously. The electricity scenario has small CFs and the smallest LFs and WFs, but this is only when using wind or solar energy. If storage is needed and hydrogen is produced using wind energy, CFs double from 3055 to 7074 kg CO2e, LFs increase from 15 × 106 to 43 × 106 m2 and WFs from 3 × 106 to 37 × 106 m3 compared to the electricity scenario. The case study shows that wise fuel choices contribute to policy aims to decarbonize transport, although LFs and WFs are also important to consider. These case study results are relevant for sustainable transportation transitions worldwide.

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The Impacts of Electric Vehicles on Resources and Supply Chains Sustainability

Hao

Sun

2021

China’s Resources, Energy and Sustainable Development: 2020

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Securing Platinum-Group Metals for Transport Low-Carbon Transition

Cited by 58 publications

References 27 publications

Impact of transport electrification on critical metal sustainability with a focus on the heavy-duty segment

Impact of transport electrification on critical metal sustainability with a focus on the heavy-duty segment

Consequences of Transport Low-Carbon Transitions and the Carbon, Land and Water Footprints of Different Fuel Options in The Netherlands

The Impacts of Electric Vehicles on Resources and Supply Chains Sustainability

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