Consequences of Transport Low-Carbon Transitions and the Carbon, Land and Water Footprints of Different Fuel Options in The Netherlands

Gerbens-Leenes, P.W.; Holtz, Karlieke

doi:10.3390/w12071968

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The renewables wind, solar and run-of-river hydropower have low unit WFs per amount of energy produced [25,29]. Decarbonisation of the energy system can thereby put extra pressure on water resources [29][30][31][32]. Including the WF of energy input in dietary assessments can thus substantially increase the total WF of a diet.…”

Section: ] •mentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Resources for Sustainable Healthy Diets: State of the Art and Outlook

Vanham

2020

Water

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Sustainable healthy diets are high on the research and policy agendas. One of the crucial resources to provide such diets are water resources. This paper provides a brief overview of the current research state regarding this topic, with a focus on the water footprint concept, as latter quantifies water use along a supply chain. The water footprint (WF) quantifies blue and green water consumption, as both these water resources are essential for food and energy production as well as for the environment. Different kinds of information are embedded in a dietary WF and different data sources and modelling approaches exist, leading to WF dietary amounts that are not always directly comparable. A full sustainability assessment of a dietary WF encompasses three components: (1) an equity assessment of the total WF amount; (2) an efficiency assessment for each food item in the diet as well as (3) an impact assessment (blue water stress and green water scarcity) for each food item in the diet. The paper concludes with an outlook on future research on the topic, listing the following points: (1) future clarity in system boundary and modelling assumptions, with comparison of results between different approaches; (2) full sustainability assessments including all three components; (3) dietary footprint family assessments with the WF as one member; (4) WF assessments for multiple dietary regimes with support to the development of local dietary guidelines and (5) assessment of the synergies with LCA-based mid-point (scarcity-weighted WF) and end-point (especially human health) indicators and evaluation of the validity and empirical significance of these two indicators

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confidence: 99%

Water Resources for Sustainable Healthy Diets: State of the Art and Outlook

Vanham

2020

Water

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“…Even a replacement of only 10% of presently used transport fuels, using the most water efficient biofuels, causes a WF of 60 Gm 3 or 10% of the present EU WF for food and cotton. The recent study of Gerbens-Leenes and Holtz [43] indicated that electricity or hydrogen are favorable to fuel transport, but this will depend on the source of the electricity system. If the electricity comes from large hydropower, the WF may not be so favorable.…”

Section: Water Footprints Of Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Burning Water, Overview of the Contribution of Arjen Hoekstra to the Water Energy Nexus

Gerbens-Leenes

Vaca-Jiménez

Mekonnen

2020

Water

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This paper gives an overview of the contribution of water footprint (WF) studies on water for energy relationships. It first explains why water is needed for energy, gives an overview of important water energy studies until 2009, shows the contribution of Hoekstra’s work on WF of energy generation, and indicates how this contribution has supported new research. Finally, it provides knowledge gaps that are relevant for future studies. Energy source categories are: 1. biofuels from sugar, starch and oil crops; 2. cellulosic feedstocks; 3. biofuels from algae; 4. firewood; 5. hydropower and 6. various sources of energy including electricity, heat and transport fuels. Especially category 1, 3, 4, 5 and to a lesser extent 2 have relatively large WFs. This is because the energy source derives from agriculture or forestry, which has a large water use (1,2,4), or has large water use due to evaporation from open water surfaces (3,5). WFs for these categories can be calculated using the WF tool. Category 6 includes fossil fuels and renewables, such as photovoltaics and wind energy and has relatively small WFs. However, information needs to be derived from industry.

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“…Likewise, given their potential to reduce pollutant emissions, new electric and alternative fuel vehicles have been widely promoted by governments. As the transport sector uses multiple types of energy and is a major source of water consumption from a life-cycle perspective, the environmental water implications of these new types of vehicles should be enhanced [26][27][28]. Finally, over the last decade, artificial intelligence models have seen remarkable advances and successes in many areas of vital importance to our society, including tackling climate change.…”

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confidence: 99%