Secular Changes in the Gender Composition of Employment and Growth Dynamics in the North and the South

The impact of gender inequality in education on income in Africa and the Middle East

“…Ertück and Darity (2000) find that changes in the gender composition of employment resulting from the global division of labor may impede the gains from trade liberalization, and argue that developing countries may be faced with divergent paths: increasing feminization rates with falling per-capita income, or rising per-capita income with decreasing feminization rates. Thus, in some countries there may 7 It is well worth mentioning that Bandiera and Natraj (2013) criticize the cross-country studies of the aggregate relationship between gender inequality and income as they do not inform policy design by failing to identify the mechanisms that drive this relationship.…”

Gender and its Relevance to Macroeconomic Policy: A Survey

“…In a theoretical context, using a dynamic model, Erturk and Darity (2000) demonstrate that changes in the gender composition of the work force can undo the beneficial effects of trade liberalization on economic growth. They hypothesize that increasing the share of female labor as a result of trade liberalization has two effects: female participation in the formal sector reduces inputs of unpaid labor and so has a constraining effect on growth, while increased women's labor force participation has a positive effect on output through lower wages.…”

Economic growth and gender inequality: An analysis of panel data for five Latin American countries

“…5 The influence of this process is channeled through at least two empirically verified mechanisms: (i) unpaid domestic work, which bears the cost of social reproduction; and (ii) paid work performed by women, who, on average, produce the same amount as men for less pay. 6 These two mechanisms may generate differentiated effects during the business cycle via two channels (Darity, 1995;Erturk and Darity, 2000):…”