Gender and its Relevance to Macroeconomic Policy: A Survey

Abstract

This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF.

The Impact of Gender Inequality in Education and Employment on Economic Growth: New Evidence for a Panel of Countries

“…These could include higher savings as women and men differ in their savings behaviour (e.g. Stephanie Seguino and Maria Sagrario Floro 2003), more productive investments and use and repayment of credit (see Janet Stosky 2006), and higher investments in the health and education of their children, thus promoting human capital of the next generation and therefore economic growth (e.g. Thomas 1997;World Bank 2001).…”

Women, Work, and the Economy: Macroeconomic Gains from Gender Equity

“…Accordingly, higher FLFP and greater earnings by women could result in higher expenditure on school enrollment for children, including girls, potentially triggering a virtuous cycle, when educated women become female role models (Aguirre and others 2012;Miller 2008). Stotsky (2006b) posits that women's relative lack of opportunities in developing countries inhibits economic growth, while at the same time, economic growth leads to improvements in their disadvantaged conditions.…”

“…6 National income aggregates invariably omit proper accounting for the unpaid economy (Stotsky 2006b). The degree to which such work is accounted for in GDP reflects the marketization of these services, which differs among countries (Freeman and Schettkat 2002).…”

Crecimiento económico y desigualdad de género: análisis de panel para cinco países de América Latina

“…Tanto la evidencia como las aproximaciones intuitivas de estos estudios muestran que los efectos del crecimiento en la equidad de género pueden ser contradictorios: la desigualdad de género puede estimular algunos agregados económicos, pero también puede tener efectos negativos en otras áreas, como el consumo, si pesan los efectos de la demanda (Stotsky, 2006;Berik, Rodgers y Seguino, 2008;Braunstein, 2008). Las iniciativas orientadas a incrementar los salarios de las mujeres en función de una mayor equidad pueden conducir al crecimiento en un régimen no guiado por la ganancia, pero también pueden generar una contracción económica debido a efectos negativos en la inversión y las exportaciones.…”