Secondhand smoke exposure at home in rural China

Yao, Tingting; Sung, Hai‐Yen; Mao, Zhengzhong; Hu, Teh‐wei; Max, Wendy

doi:10.1007/s10552-012-9900-6

Cited by 39 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…A study of SHS exposure in rural areas of China identified that 68% of children were exposed to SHS at home, and that exposure prevalence was further amplified in households with low income or low educational status of the head of household 39 . Prevalence of adult SHS exposure is approximately 35% in Shanghai, but was surprisingly higher in households with children under age 18 years 40 .…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Shs Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular Consequences of Childhood Secondhand Tobacco Smoke Exposure: Prevailing Evidence, Burden, and Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Raghuveer¹,

White²,

Hayman³

et al. 2016

Circulation

156

119

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Background Although public health programs have led to a substantial decrease in the prevalence of tobacco smoking, the adverse health effects of tobacco smoking is by no means a thing of the past. In the U.S, four out of 10 school aged children and 1 out of 3 adolescents are involuntarily exposed to second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) with children of minority ethnic backgrounds and those living in low socioeconomic status households being disproportionately affected (68% and 43% respectively). Children are particularly vulnerable with little control over home and social environment and lack the understanding, agency, and ability to avoid SHS exposure on their own volition; they also have physiological or behavioral characteristics that render them especially susceptible to effects of SHS. Side stream smoke (the smoke burned directly off the end of the cigarette), a major component of SHS, contains a higher concentration of some toxins than mainstream smoke (inhaled by the smoker directly), making SHS potentially more dangerous than direct smoking. Compelling animal and human evidence shows that SHS exposure during childhood is detrimental to arterial function and structure resulting in premature atherosclerosis and its cardiovascular consequences. Childhood SHS exposure is also related to impaired cardiac autonomic function and changes in heart rate variability. In addition, childhood SHS exposure is associated with clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. Individualized interventions to reduce childhood exposure to SHS are shown to be at least modestly effective, so are broader based policy initiatives such as community smoking bans and increased taxation. Purpose The purpose of this statement is to summarize the available evidence on the cardiovascular health consequences of childhood SHS exposure which will support ongoing efforts to reduce and eliminate SHS exposure in this vulnerable population. This statement reviews relevant data from epidemiologic studies; laboratory based experiments, and controlled behavioral trials, concerning SHS and cardiovascular disease risk in children. Information regarding the effects of SHS exposure on the cardiovascular system in animal and pediatric studies, including vascular disruption and platelet activation, oxidation and inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, increased vascular stiffness, changes in vascular structure, and autonomic dysfunction are examined. Conclusion The epidemiological, observational and experimental evidence accumulated to date, demonstrates the detrimental long-term cardiovascular consequences of SHS exposure in children. Implications Increased awareness of these adverse effects will facilitate the development of targeted individual, family-centered and community public health interventions to reduce and ideally eliminate SHS exposure in the vulnerable pediatric population. This evidence calls for a robust public health policy that embraces “zero tolerance” to childhood SHS exposure.

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Section: Epidemiology Of Shs Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular Consequences of Childhood Secondhand Tobacco Smoke Exposure: Prevailing Evidence, Burden, and Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Raghuveer¹,

White²,

Hayman³

et al. 2016

Circulation

156

119

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…On the basis of other data obtained by use of biochemical markers this exposure may be even higher among young children who may be highly exposed to tobacco through their parents. The study by Yao et al [26] from rural China reported similar levels of SHS exposure with disparities defined by SEP for children and women. This study emphasizes that SHS exposure is a major contributor to the tobacco epidemic in both urban and rural areas of Eastern Asia.…”

mentioning

confidence: 75%

Global tobacco inequalities: a new frontier

Pérez‐Stable

Viswanath

Fagan

et al. 2012

Cancer Causes Control

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“…Moreover, lower mean educational level among adults in the household was associated with a greater likelihood that the household would include smokers, a finding that was also found in a study in rural China. 17 One intriguing finding was related to households with intermittent smokers. Households with intermittent smokers (but no daily smokers) had higher economic and educational status than households with no smokers and households with daily smokers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%