Secondary electron emission multipliers as particle detectors

Baumgartner, W.; Huber, W.

doi:10.1088/0022-3735/9/5/001

Cited by 25 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…Toutes les définitions du prologue -linguistiques 22 ou littéraires 23 l'envisagent comme un seuil, un espace privilégié, où un locuteur devient auteur, parfois en s'y présentant, et où il détaille le contenu de son oeuvre, tout en valorisant son rôle 24 .…”

Section: Prologue Dédicace Et Autographe : La Revanche De L'auteurunclassified

Oublier l’auteur au Moyen Age? Réflexions sur l’ars oblivionis des copistes

Hemelryck¹

2007

edl

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Cet article développe comment, du XII e au début du XIV e siècle, les copistes ont fait de leur mode de production un ars oblivionis, mettant à mal la figure de l'auteur ; alors qu'en réaction, de la fin du XV e siècle jusqu'au début du XVI e siècle, les auteurs ont mis en oeuvre un arsenal de stratégies discursives et littéraires afin d'assurer leur survie. Dès lors, les XIV e et XV e siècles ne seraient plus à envisager comme des siècles de construction de l'auteur médiéval, mais de sa re-naissance, de sa volonté tenace à survivre et à lutter contre sa mise en oubli.Dans l'espace de ces quelques pages, je souhaiterais considérer l'impact de l'oubli dans la production des textes médiévaux au départ de l'examen de paratextes, comme les prologues, les colophons et les souscriptions.Ces éléments du texte médiéval ont généralement été envisagés univoquement comme des signes du devoir et du désir de mémoire de l'auteur, alors que, selon moi, notamment en raison de leur « paratextualité », ils s'inscrivent dans le mouvement dialectique propre à l'histoire littéraire, où oubli et mémoire luttent sans cesse, permettant à la littérature de renaître, de ressurgir et de se réécrire. En somme :Tout texte fixé est non seulement condamné à l'altération par le simple fait de sa transmission, mais sa forme elle-même est finalement moins la représentation d'un sens ancien que le prétexte à l'émergence d'une signification contemporaine 1 .1

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Section: Prologue Dédicace Et Autographe : La Revanche De L'auteurunclassified

Oublier l’auteur au Moyen Age? Réflexions sur l’ars oblivionis des copistes

Hemelryck¹

2007

edl

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“…Secondary electron multipliers register any particle, including a photon, that can produce a secondary electron impinging on the sensitive surface. 340 EUV/UV photons are readily counted by secondary electron multipliers, and the detection efficiency of a typical nonsensitized detector is a few percent at the hydrogen Ly-␣ line; 341 it may exceed 10% for Ͻ1000 Å, 342 and it decreases again in the x-ray spectral range. Secondary electron multipliers would be swamped by counts due to background EUV/UV radiation if exposed unprotected in space.…”

Section: Detectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energetic neutral atom imaging of space plasmas

Gruntman

1997

Review of Scientific Instruments

172

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Experimental techniques and instrumentation for space plasma imaging in fluxes of energetic neutral atoms ͑ENAs͒ are reviewed. ENAs are born in charge exchange collisions between space plasma energetic ions and background neutral gas. ENAs are ubiquitous in the space environment and their energies are in the range from a few eV up to Ͼ100 keV. Contrary to charged particles, ENAs can travel large distances through space with minimal disturbance, and by recording ENA fluxes as a function of observational direction, one can reconstruct a global image of a planetary magnetosphere or the heliosphere. Plasma ion energy distribution and ion composition can be remotely established by measuring ENA energies and masses. ENA imaging opens a new window on various phenomena in space plasmas with a promise to qualitatively improve our understanding of global magnetospheric and heliospheric processes. At first we review ENA fluxes in space and their properties, and present a brief history of ENA experimental studies and the evolution of experimental approaches. The concepts of ENA imaging and particle identification are considered and followed by comparison with corpuscular diagnostics of fusion plasmas. Basic ENA techniques and instrument components are then described in detail and critically evaluated; performance characteristics, limitations, and requirements to key instrumental elements are discussed. And finally, representative ENA instruments are shown, and promising instrumental approaches are identified.

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Direct digital imaging of radio‐labeled two‐dimensional gel beta emissions using micro‐channel plate image enhancement

Burbeck¹

1983

Electrophoresis

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Linus ~a u~i n gInstitute of Science and gel beta emissions using micro-channel plate image enhancement* Medicine, Palo Alto, CAThe use of autoradiography to record the distribution of radio-labels such as tritium or 35S in two-dimensional (2-D) gels has well known deficiencies: the film requires long exposures, has a nonlinear response curve, and has a restricted dynamic range. Autofluorography can improve upon each of these problems but only at the cost of resolution and quantitative accuracy. This paper demonstrates that a micro-channel plate electron multiplier and a resistive anode position detector can detect and localize individual beta emissions from 35S or tritium with at least 200 pm resolution. The locations of these beta emissions can be collected, converted to a 2-D image, and displayed on a graphics terminal or integrated over spot areas for quantitative estimates of spot intensity. The collection process is rapid, linear, and has a dynamic range far greater than that of film. With the 35S-test gel (which required 40 h for an autoradiogram), strong spots can be integrated with better than ten percent accuracy with less than five minutes of data collection. Weak spots (those with less than 4 cpm) may require 80 min or more. Tritium gels require collection times an order of magnitude longer for equivalent quantitative accuracy.

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Secondary electron emission multipliers as particle detectors

Cited by 25 publications

References 82 publications

Oublier l’auteur au Moyen Age? Réflexions sur l’ars oblivionis des copistes

Oublier l’auteur au Moyen Age? Réflexions sur l’ars oblivionis des copistes

Energetic neutral atom imaging of space plasmas

Direct digital imaging of radio‐labeled two‐dimensional gel beta emissions using micro‐channel plate image enhancement

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