Secondary effects of pesticides on aquatic ecosystems

Hurlbert, Stuart H.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9391-7_3

Cited by 88 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…Direct effects are those which influence the survival, growth, or reproduction of organisms (see Hurlbert, 1975;, and they can bring about changes in ecosystem structure and function. In the present study, treatment of C54 with methoxychlor resulted in a dramatic decrease in chironomid standing stocks and production.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary production of chironomid communities in insecticide‐treated and untreated headwater streams

1990

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SUMMARY. 1. Production of chironomid communities of three first order, Appalachian Mountain streams was estimated and the effects of an insecticide-induced disturbance on chironomid production was examined.2. Annual production of non-Tanypodinae chironomids in the streams during the first study year (no treatment) ranged from 1366 to 3636 mg m~2, while production of Tanypodinae chironomids ranged from 48 to 116 mg m~2. Production/biomass ratios ranged between 19 and 23 for non-Tanypodinae and from 6 to 7 for Tanypodinae chironomids.3. Insecticide applications resulted in significantly lower chironomid densities and biomass in the treated stream relative to the pretreatment year and reference stream. Annual production of non-Tanypodinae (703 mg m~2) and Tanypodinae (32 mg m~2) chironomids in the treated stream decreased by 64% and 67%, respectively, compared with the pretreatment year. In contrast, production of non-Tanypodinae (2084 mg m ) increased by 34% and production of Tanypodinae (96 mg m ) by 57% in the reference stream.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary production of chironomid communities in insecticide‐treated and untreated headwater streams

1990

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“…These papers represent all the field experiments reported in recent issues of selected journals (Ecology 1979(Ecology , 1980American Midland Naturalist 1977Limnology andOceanography 1979, 1980 1977,1978,1979,1980), the experiments reported in the volume edited by Kerfoot ( 1980), and those listed in the bibliographies of several recent papers and reviews (Connell 1974, Hurlbert 1975, Chew 1978, Hayne 1978, Hayward and Phillipson 1979, Paine 1980, Peterson 1980, Virnstein 1980, Hurlbert and Mulla 1981, Munger and Brown 1981. Each paper was placed into one of four categories according to whether or not treatments were replicated and whether or not significance tests were carried out.…”

Section: Two Literature Surveysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pseudoreplication and the Design of Ecological Field Experiments

Hurlbert¹

1984

Ecological Monographs

Self Cite

7,191

4,399

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Abstract. Pseudoreplication is defined as the use of inferential statistics to test for treatment effects with data from experiments where either treatments are not replicated (though samples may be) or replicates are not statistically independent. In ANOVA terminology, it is the testing for treatment effects with an error term inappropriate to the hypothesis being considered. Scrutiny of 176 experimental studies published between 1960 and the present revealed that pseudoreplication occurred in 27% of them, or 48% of all such studies that applied inferential statistics. The incidence of pseudoreplication is especially high in studies of marine benthos and small mammals. The critical features of controlled experimentation are reviewed. Nondemonic intrusion is defined as the impingement of chance events on an experiment in progress. As a safeguard against both it and preexisting gradients, interspersion of treatments is argued to be an obligatory feature of good design. Especially in small experiments, adequate interspersion can sometimes be assured only by dispensing with strict randomization procedures. Comprehension of this conflict between interspersion and randomization is aided by distinguishing pre-layout (or conventional) and layout-specific alpha (probability of type I error). Suggestions are offered to statisticians and editors of ecological journals as to how ecologists' understanding of experimental design and statistics might be improved.

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“…The existence of secondary effects of toxic chemicals has been shown for pesticides (Newsom 1967, Pimentel 1971, Hurlbert 1975, heavy metals (Marshall and Mellinger 1980), acid from acid rain (Ericksson et al 1980, Schindler 1980, and other substances (Cairns et al 1972). In order to incorporate various levels of a community response to a potentially widely spread toxic chemical, we chose to study the effects of atra-' Manuscript received 2 March 1981; revised 2 December 1981; accepted 23 December 1981. zine in experimental ponds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Responses of Plankton Communities in Experimental Ponds to Atrazine, the Most Heavily Used Pesticide in the United States

deNoyelles¹,

Kettle²,

Sinn³

1982

Ecology

272

117

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Abstract. Experimental ponds received single additions of the herbicide atrazine in concentrations of 20 and 500 gg/L, and were compared to control ponds for 136 d. Atrazine is an inhibitor of photosynthesis, and both concentrations depressed phytoplankton growth in the ponds within a few days. This was followed by successional changes leading to the establishment of species of phytoplankton more resistant to inhibition by atrazine. Laboratory studies verified this resistance and verified effects on other species at concentrations of atrazine as low as 1-5 Jig/L. When and to what extent resistant species appeared in the phytoplankton communities differed with treatment. At the atrazine concentration of 500 gg/L, there was a delayed appearance but eventually a greater biomass and persistence of these species. The grazing zooplankton influenced these differences and were in turn affected by them. Natural interactions such as competition and predation among the species of the communities greatly affected their responses to the toxic chemical. The importance of atrazine as an environmental pollutant is suggested by these responses to concentrations of 1-5 gg/L, which are common downstream in many agricultural watersheds, 20 /Ig/L, which is the high level found in these waters, and 500 gg/L, which is the high level found in waters directly adjacent to treated fields.

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Secondary effects of pesticides on aquatic ecosystems

Cited by 88 publications

References 102 publications

Secondary production of chironomid communities in insecticide‐treated and untreated headwater streams

Secondary production of chironomid communities in insecticide‐treated and untreated headwater streams

Pseudoreplication and the Design of Ecological Field Experiments

The Responses of Plankton Communities in Experimental Ponds to Atrazine, the Most Heavily Used Pesticide in the United States

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