Secondary chromosomal abnormalities predict outcome in pediatric and adult high‐stage Burkitt lymphoma

Abstract

Recent studies suggest that the hypodigms representing the two earliest Australopithecus (Au. anamensis and Au. afarensis) form an ancestor‐descendant lineage. Understanding the details of this possible transition is important comparative evidence for assessing the likelihood of other examples of ancestor‐descendant lineages within the hominin clade. To this end we have analyzed crown and cusp base areas of high resolution replicas of the mandibular molars of Au. anamensis (Allia Bay and Kanapoi sites) and those of Au. afarensis (Hadar, Laetoli, and Maka). We found no statistically significant differences in crown areas between these hypodigms although the mean of M1 crowns was smaller in Au. anamensis, being the smallest of any Australopithecus species sampled to date. Intraspecies comparison of the areas of mesial cusps for each molar type using Wilcoxon signed rank test showed no differences for Au. anamensis. Significant differences were found between the protoconid and metaconid of Au. afarensis M2s and M3s. Furthermore, the area formed by the posterior cusps as a whole relative to the anterior cusps showed significant differences in Au. afarensis M1s and in Au. anamensis M2s but no differences were noted for M3s of either taxon. Developmental information derived from microstructural details in enamel shows that M1 crown formation in Au. anamensis is similar to Pan and shorter than in H. sapiens. Taken together, these data suggests that the overall trend in the Au. anamensis‐Au. afarensis transition may have involved a moderate increase in M1 crown areas with relative expansion of distal cusps. Am J Phys Anthropol , 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Risk factors and treatment of childhood and adolescent Burkitt lymphoma/leukaemia

“…The most commonly deleted band was 13q34 (82%). The relationship between karyotypic abnormalities and outcomes showed that + 7q and del(13q) were independently associated with a significant inferior event free survival (EFS) (hazard ratio: 2·5 (P = 0·015) and 4·0 (P = 0·0003) respectively) (Poirel et al, 2009), which agrees with prior reports suggesting a worse outcome associated with 13q abnormalities (Fig 3B, C) (Lones et al, 2004;Onciu et al, 2006). Subsequently, Nelson et al (2009) utilized FISH to show a worse overall survival in patients with any 13q deletion (Fig 4).…”

“…These translocations result in constitutive expression of the MYC gene driven by the immunoglobulin gene enhancer. Additional recurrent chromosomal abnormalities have been recognized with chromosomes 1, 6, 13, 17, and 22 most commonly involved (Lones et al, 2004;Onciu et al, 2006). A large cytogenetic study performed on an international trial in children and adolescents with mature B-cell lymphoma further characterized the secondary genetic changes detectable by karyotyping (Poirel et al, 2009).…”

Chromosomal alterations detected by comparative genomic hybridization in subgroups of gene expression-defined Burkitt's lymphoma

“…Although a number of previous studies described genetic alterations in BL, [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] two recent major gene expression profiling studies 4,5 provided a molecular signature of BL that -at the same time -sharpened, but also broadened the diagnostic category of BL. Specifically, gene expression-defined BL appear to also include some aggressive B-cell lymphomas that do not fulfill the current strict WHO criteria 1 (e.g.…”

“…4 In recent years, global genetic analyses including conventional karyotyping, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and array-based CGH have described secondary genomic alterations in BL. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] One of the larger studies using CGH described gains of 12q, 22q, Xq and losses of 13q as the most frequent alterations in BL. 11 Moreover, abnormalities in 1q and 7q were associated with inferior outcome.…”

Simple karyotype and bcl-6 expression predict a diagnosis of Burkitt lymphoma and better survival in IG-MYC rearranged high-grade B-cell lymphomas

“…While the impact of additional cytogenetic abnormalities detected by conventional karyotype on clinical outcomes in Burkitt or Burkitt-like lymphomas has been the subject of several studies, [9][10][11] there is very little information regarding their diagnostic value in the classification of highgrade B-cell lymphomas. Although prompt diagnosis of Burkitt lymphoma and other high-grade B-cell lymphomas carrying MYC rearrangements is clinically important because they are aggressive and may require more intensive therapy, 12 the diagnosis sometimes can be challenging.…”