Secondary Aerenchyma Formation and its Relation to Nitrogen Fixation in Root Nodules of Soybean Plants (Glycine max) Grown under Flooded Conditions

Effects of Short-Term Waterlogging on Soybean Nodule Nitrogen Fixation at Different Soil Reductions and Temperatures

“…Long-term waterlogging has been shown to promote acclimatization to the waterlogging conditions in soybean plants and result in plant adaptation (development of lateral roots and adventitious roots, thickening of stems, and formation of aerenchyma in roots and nodules) to relieve the damage (Bacanamwo and Purcell, 1999b;Shimamura et al, 2002). However, in the present experiment, the development of lateral roots and thickening of stems were slight in the W and WR treatments and obvious plant adaptation was not observed because the waterlogging, as the waterlogging treatment period was less than one week.…”

“…In particular, SPAD value in WR markedly decreased. Waterlogging causes inhibition of not only the nitrogen fi xation of the nodule (Huang et al, 1975;Shimamura et al, 2002) but also the nitrogen absorption by the root system (Sugimoto, 1994), as shown by the decreased SPAD value in the leaf (Bacanamwo and Purcell, 1999a) or the nitrogen contents in the leaf (Rhine et al, 2010). This indicates that the adverse effect of waterlogging was promoted by a lower ORP in the soil, a higher temperature of the soil and a longer duration of waterlogging.…”

“…The aerenchyma formed in stem, roots and nodules improves gas exchange between the shoots and root system (Bacanamwo and Purcell, 1999b;Shimamura et al, 2003;Shimamura et al, 2010); the nodule nitrogen fixation is restored by the formed aerenchyma to some extent (Bacanamwo and Purcell, 1999b;Shimamura et al, 2002;Thomas et al, 2005). However, short-term waterlogging for several days (i.e., less than a week) in farm fi elds, did not lead to the development of adventitious roots or the formation of aerenchyma.…”

“…However, short-term waterlogging for several days (i.e., less than a week) in farm fi elds, did not lead to the development of adventitious roots or the formation of aerenchyma. Consequently nodule nitrogen fi xation is almost stopped due to the severe restriction of gas exchange between the soil and atmosphere (Huang et al, 1975;Shimamura et al, 2002Thomas et al, 2005. Therefore, the recovery of nitrogen fixation from the reduction in waterlogging after the removal of excess water is important for the acquisition of nitrogen in soybean under short-term waterlogging stress.…”

Potential Banana Stem as Media Planting Land Kale and Greens Mustard

“…The root is faced to the condition of low availability of oxygen and high rate of CO 2 . According to (Shimamura, Mochizuki, Nada, & Fukuyama, 2002), there are two possibilities of inundated plants: first, only the roots are inundated; second, all parts of plants are inundated. The symptoms of waterlogging obstruct the lengthening of stems, thus obstructing the overall growth of plants.…”