Second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) of the right hand is associated with nociception and augmenting-reducing

Schwerdtfeger, Andreas; Heer, Johannes

doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.05.027

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Like these, the use of digit ratio as a non-invasive retrospective biomarker for prenatal androgen exposure is controversial; 50 however, many researchers have adopted digit ratio as such. 1,4,13,[15][16][17][18]40,[51][52][53][54][55] To date, it is well known that there are significant ethnic differences in digit ratio. In one study, the Oriental Han had the highest mean digit ratio, followed by the Caucasian Berbers and Uygurs, with the lowest mean ratios found in the Afro-Caribbean Jamaicans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,4,15,40,54,55 Several studies have suggested that males with a low digit ratio may be more likely to suppress signs of pain or discomfort, which could lead to the tendency to measure a longer stretched penis length in this group (low digit ratio) compared to the high-digit-ratio group. [51][52][53] However, in the present study, penile length was measured under anaesthesia, avoiding pain or discomfort when the penis was fully stretched. Therefore, penile length measurement in our study was not influenced by pain perception.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Second to fourth digit ratio: a predictor of adult penile length

Choi¹,

Kim²,

Jung³

et al. 2011

Asian J Androl

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The second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) has been proposed as a putative biomarker for prenatal testosterone and covaries with the sensitivity of the androgen receptor (AR). Both prenatal testosterone and the AR play a central role in penile growth. In this study, we investigated the relationship between digit ratio and penile length. Korean men who were hospitalized for urological surgery at a single tertiary academic centre were examined in this study, and 144 men aged 20 years or older who gave informed consent were prospectively enrolled. Right-hand second- and fourth-digit lengths were measured by a single investigator prior to measurement of penile length. Under anaesthesia, flaccid and stretched penile lengths were measured by another investigator who did not measure nor have any the information regarding the digit lengths. Univariate and multivariate analysis using linear regression models showed that only height was a significant predictive factor for flaccid penile length (univariate analysis: r=0.185, P=0.026; multivariate analysis: r=0.172, P=0.038) and that only digit ratio was a significant predictive factor for stretched penile length (univariate analysis:r=-0.216, P=0.009; multivariate analysis: r=-0.201, P=0.024; stretched penile length=-9.201×digit ratio + 20.577). Based on this evidence, we suggest that the digit ratio can predict adult penile size and that the effects of prenatal testosterone may in part explain the differences in adult penile length.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Second to fourth digit ratio: a predictor of adult penile length

Choi¹,

Kim²,

Jung³

et al. 2011

Asian J Androl

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“…That is, whereas within-sex associations of 2D:4D with sports performance (reviews: Voracek, Reimer, Ertl, & Dressler, 2006;Bescós, Esteve, Porta, Mateu, Irurtia, & Voracek, 2009) and with psychopathology (review: Voracek, 2008a) have noteworthy effect sizes and appear to be quite consistent and replicable across studies, similar studies of other domains, such as pertaining to hypothesized sex-specific associations between 2D:4D and sexually differentiated personality traits, are inconsistent across studies, frequently unreplicable, and characterized by generally modest effect sizes (Hampson, Ellis, & Tenk, 2008). As for examples from the personality domain, initial findings for a correspondence of high neuroticism scores and high (i.e., female-typical) 2D:4D among women (Austin, Manning, McInroy, & Mathews, 2002;Fink, Manning, & Neave, 2004) have not been replicated in subsequent investigations (Luxen & Buunk, 2005;Lippa, 2006), and associations between high sensation seeking and low (i.e., male-typical) 2D:4D have alternately been observed for men, women, either sex, or neither across four studies (among women, but not men: Austin, et al, 2002;among men, but not women: Fink, Neave, Laughton, & Manning, 2006; among both men and women : Hampson, et al, 2008; among neither men nor women: Schwerdtfeger & Heer, 2008).…”

Section: D:4d and Personality Traitsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Lack of Association between Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and Assertiveness: Replication in a Large Sample

Voracek

2009

Percept Mot Skills

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Findings regarding within-sex associations of digit ratio (2D:4D), a putative pointer to long-lasting effects of prenatal androgen action, and sexually differentiated personality traits have generally been inconsistent or unreplicable, suggesting that effects in this domain, if any, are likely small. In contrast to evidence from Wilson's important 1983 study, a forerunner of modern 2D:4D research, two recent studies in 2005 and 2008 by Freeman, et al. and Hampson, et al. showed assertiveness, a presumably male-typed personality trait, was not associated with 2D:4D; however, these studies were clearly statistically underpowered. Hence this study examined this question anew, based on a large sample of 491 men and 627 women. Assertiveness was only modestly sexually differentiated, favoring men, and a positive correlate of age and education and a negative correlate of weight and Body Mass Index among women, but not men. Replicating the two prior studies, 2D:4D was throughout unrelated to assertiveness scores. This null finding was preserved with controls for correlates of assertiveness, also in nonparametric analysis and with tests for curvilinear relations. Discussed are implications of this specific null finding, now replicated in a large sample, for studies of 2D:4D and personality in general and novel research approaches to proceed in this field.

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“…Correspondingly, males have been found to show lower ratios than females in both animal (Brown et al, 2002) and human studies (e.g., Manning, 2002;Manning et al, 2007). Moreover, digit ratio has been related to various sexually dimorphic variables including cognitive abilities (Bull and Benson, 2006), sexual orientation (Lippa, 2003), aggressive and assertive behavior (Hampson et al, 2008;Manning and Fink, 2008), nociception (e.g., Schwerdtfeger and Heer, 2008), and sporting skills Pokrywka et al, 2005), although effect sizes seem to be moderate to low and there are several inconsistent findings (e.g., Puts et al, 2008;van Anders and Hampson, 2005).…”

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confidence: 98%

Comparing indirect methods of digit ratio (2D:4D) measurement

Kemper

Schwerdtfeger

2008

American J Hum Biol

Self Cite

108

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The ratio of the lengths of the second and fourth finger (2D:4D) has been proposed to index prenatal exposure to androgens. Different methods have been utilized to measure digit ratio, however, their measurement precision and economy have not been systematically compared yet. Using different indirect methods (plastic ruler, caliper, computer software), three independent raters measured finger lengths of 60 participants. Generally, measurement precision (intraclass correlation coefficient, technical error of measurement, and relative technical error of measurement) was acceptable for each method. However, precision estimates were highest for the computer software, indicating excellent measurement precision. Estimates for the caliper method were somewhat lower followed by ruler which had the lowest precision. On the contrary, the software-based measurements took somewhat longer to complete than the other methods. Nonetheless, we would favor the use of these tools in digit ratio research because of their relative superior reliability which could be crucial when associations with other variables are expected to be low to moderate or sample size is limited. Software offers several promising opportunities that may contribute to an accurate identification of the proximal finger crease (e.g., zooming, adjusting contrast, etc.).

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Second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) of the right hand is associated with nociception and augmenting-reducing

Cited by 14 publications

References 46 publications

Second to fourth digit ratio: a predictor of adult penile length

Second to fourth digit ratio: a predictor of adult penile length

Lack of Association between Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and Assertiveness: Replication in a Large Sample

Comparing indirect methods of digit ratio (2D:4D) measurement

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