Second malignant neoplasms in children: A multicenter study of the Polish Pediatric Leukemia/Lymphoma Group

Second neoplasms after treatment of childhood cancer in Slovenia

“…Löning et al 22 reported cumulative incidence of second neoplasm in patients after acute lymphoblastic leukemia 0.5% after 5 years, 1.3% after 10 years, and 3.3% after 15 years, with significantly lower risk in non‐irradiated patients (3.5% vs. 1.2%, P = 0.048). In recently published Polish study, in which 3,252 ALL patients were included, even lower cumulative risk was reported (0.05% at 5 years, 0.5% at 10, and 0.95% at 15 years) 23. The authors relate the differences to different treatment protocols although incomplete registration of second malignancies could not be excluded.…”

Bronchioloalveolar Carcinoma in a Juvenile Rhadomyosarcoma Patient

“…Without a definitive timeline, BAC could not legitimately be linked to chemotherapy. Kowalczyk et al [ 6 ] reported that the probability of the second malignancy was greater in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients than in the normal group. We believe that soft tissue malignancy could affect the development of the second malignancy.…”

Concurrent epithelioid malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor and papillary thyroid carcinoma in the treated field of Hodgkin's disease

“…Because of their epithelioid features, the strong expression for S‐100 protein, and the occasional positivity for keratin, epithelioid malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors may be confused with both melanomas and carcinomas 27. The demonstration of a close association with a nerve, the negative staining with the HMB‐45 antimelanoma antibody, and the presence of areas exhibiting a more conventional morphology allows, as in the present case, the correct diagnosis to be reached 9, 15, 28. The incidence of radiation‐associated sarcoma is less than 1% in the literature 3, 4, 29.…”

“…In our case, the patient developed secondary papillary thyroid carcinoma and malignant epithelioid peripheral nerve sheath tumor 12 years after radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This highlights that as the cure rates for patients with Hodgkin's disease have improved, the long‐term treatment sequelae of developing SMNs has been increasingly recognized 1, 14, 15. In the 1380 children with Hodgkin's disease reported by The Late Effects Study Group, 9.3% developed second neoplasms; 5.9% were solid tumors at 20 years 3.…”