Second-harmonic generation through optimized modal phase matching in semiconductor waveguides

Moutzouris, K.; Rao, S. Venugopal; Ebrahim-Zadeh, M.; Rossi, Alfredo De; Calligaro, M.; Ortiz, V.; Berger, V.

doi:10.1063/1.1596726

Cited by 61 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…3 and unity (1W ) excitation, corresponding to a (material) power density of ≈ 400M W/cm 2 and comparable to what previously employed for SHG in GaAs/AlGaAs guides. 13 Clearly, a large SHG is associated with the peak of a sinc-like curve and a specific PM condition (horizontal dashes) near λ F F = 1.55µm. Such an individual zero for ∆β, however, is not the norm.…”

Section: -14mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quadratic phase matching in slot waveguides

Falco

Conti²,

Assanto

2006

Opt. Lett.

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We analyze phase matching with reference to frequency doubling in nanosized quadratic waveguides encompassing form birefringence and supporting cross-polarized fundamental and second harmonic modes. In an AlGaAs rod with an air-void, we show that phase-matched second-harmonic generation could be achieved in a wide spectral range employing state-of-the-art nanotechnology. c 2017 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 190.4360, 190.4390 Since the pioneering work by Franken et al., 1 frequency doubling has been among the most studied nonlinear processes in optics. Conversion efficiency in second harmonic generation (SHG) relates to spatio-temporal overlap of waves at fundamental (FF) and second harmonic (SH) frequencies, as well as to their group and phase velocity matching. For the latter, in order to compensate material and waveguide dispersion, several approaches have been proposed and demonstrated, 2 including birefringent phase-matching (PM), non-critical PM, quasi-PM (QPM) 3 in co-or counter-propagating geometries, including vertical QPM for surface-emitted SHG. 4-7More recently, novel PM schemes for SHG include random quasi-PM, 8 photonic crystals and microcavities, 9, 10as well as form-birefringence in waveguides. 11-14 Formbirefringence conjugates the large intensities and interaction distances of guided-waves with the possibility of tailoring the dispersion of cross-polarized waves even in isotropic crystals such as GaAs and its composites. 12-14It consists in alternating layers with different refractive indices orthogonally to the direction of propagation, such that the harmonics experience distinct eigen-values for TE (quasi-TE) and TM (quasi-TM) polarizations. As in photonic crystals, the degree of birefringence, its dispersion and the achievable PM line-width are directly linked to the index contrast between alternating films and their thicknesses, 15 making film growth a formidable task.14 For these reasons, a nano-sized structure encompassing form-birefringence but realizable with just one nonlinear material should provide significant advantages and versatility over standard approaches for parametric mixing and frequency generation. In this Letter we propose and investigate SHG in a suspended rod-waveguide with a nanometric void, implementing form-birefringence and large modal overlap for efficient upconversion. To achieve the highest index contrast between a quadratically nonlinear semiconductor (AlGaAs) and air (or vacuum), we consider the basic geometry sketched in Fig. 1, with the electric field of the FF mode parallel to the void (i.e., quasi-TM with respect to the top surface) and a cross-polarized (i.e., quasi-TE) SH tightly confined in the air-gap owing to the discontinuity in the electric field normal to the interfaces, the latter separated by v. Fig. 1 also displays the calculated FF and SH lowest-order eigen-profiles of such a slot waveguide, similar to the one recently studied by Xu et al. for ringresonators in SiO 2 . 16 We consider cubic Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 As with indices n F F and n SH...

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Section: -14mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[11][12][13][14] Formbirefringence conjugates the large intensities and interaction distances of guided-waves with the possibility of tailoring the dispersion of cross-polarized waves even in isotropic crystals such as GaAs and its composites.…”

Section: -7mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quadratic phase matching in slot waveguides

Falco

Conti²,

Assanto

2006

Opt. Lett.

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“…Since the effective index of a waveguide tends to decrease as the mode order increases, it is the shortest wavelength of the process (the second harmonic in SHG, the pump in DFG) that propagates in a higher order mode. SHG by MPM has been demonstrated in AlGaAs waveguides at wavelengths around 1550 nm using a femtosecond pulsed source [29] and using a continuous-wave source [30] with output secondharmonic powers in excess of 1 μW.…”

Section: Modal Phase Matchingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in phase matching of second‐order nonlinearities in monolithic semiconductor waveguides

Helmy

Abolghasem

Aitchison

et al. 2010

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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Techniques used to assist phase matching of second-order nonlinearities in semiconductor waveguides are reviewed. The salient points of each method are highlighted, with their strengths and weaknesses with regard to various key applications discussed. Recent progress in these techniques is also reviewed. Emphasis is placed on two techniques, namely quasi-phase matching via domain disordering utilizing quantum well intermixing, and exact phase matching using Bragg reflection waveguides.The figure shows (a) An optical microscope image of an ion implantation mask used to fabricate gratings used for quasiphase matching, (b) a scanning electron micrograph of an ion implantation mask, (c) a scanning electron micrograph of a semiconductor ridge waveguide structure, and (d) an optical microscope image of group monolithic ring lasers designed for integration with quasiphase matched structures.

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“…GaAs is a more attractive material for nonlinear optical-wavelength conversion because of its high nonlinear coefficient, broad IR transparency range, and well-developed epitaxial growth technologies. Because of the isotropic nature of GaAs, birefringent phase matching (BPM) is not possible in conventional AlGaAs waveguides, thus various artificial approaches must be adopted, such as form-BPM [3][4][5][6], modal phase matching (MPM) [7,8], and quasi-phase matching (QPM) [9][10][11]. However, no efficient nonlinear waveguide devices based on GaAs/AlGaAs system have been built to date, regardless of the phase matching approaches, because of high waveguide propagation losses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%