Second-harmonic generation by Cerenkov-type phase matching in a poled polymer waveguide

Sugihara, Okihiro; Kunioka, S.; Nonaka, Y.; Aizawa, Rie; Koike, Yasuhiro; Kinoshita, Takeshi; Sasaki, Keisuke

doi:10.1063/1.349770

Cited by 22 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…(13) are multiplied by either E 2v y or H 2v y in the cases of TE or TM, respectively, and the equations are integrated over the z coordinate, which causes canceling of the decay length l d when Eqs. (10) are used.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Čerenkov-type second-harmonic generation in thin planar calix[4]arene waveguiding films

1995

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A new type of organic molecule, calix[4]arene, is applied in a second-harmonic-generating waveguide device for the first time. Linear optical properties of the calix[4]arene waveguiding film have been measured with the prism-coupling method. The molecules in the film are oriented by a corona-poling technique. With a Makerfringe experiment, the induced d 33 and d 31 at l 1064 nm are determined at 8.6 and 2.0 pm͞V, respectively. The calix[4]arene thin film has been applied to aČerenkov-type device that generates second-harmonic light radiating into the glass substrate. The highest efficiency obtained is 0.23% for a fundamental wavelength of 820 nm by the use of fundamental power densities of 100 MW͞cm 2 in the waveguide and a device length of 6 mm. A coupled-mode theory has been developed that can properly explain the experimentally observed second-harmonic-generating efficiency and the angle of radiation into the substrate. Two methods for the enhancement of device efficiency are proposed, both based on theoretical calculations with the coupled-mode theory. An enhancement of 2 orders of magnitude is feasible.

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Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Čerenkov-type second-harmonic generation in thin planar calix[4]arene waveguiding films

1995

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“…The change in absorbance induced by poling can be used to estimate the polar order (ϕ) in the system. The order parameter can be estimated as 1 -(A ⊥ /A 0 ), where A 0 and A ⊥ are the absorbance of unpoled and poled samples respectively, measured with the electric field of the probing light perpendicular to the poling direction [38,47].…”

Section: The Photorefractive Effect In Polymers 201mentioning

confidence: 99%

Photorefractive Polymers

Chellapan

Joseph

Ramachandran

2011

Handbook of Stimuli‐Responsive Materials

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When perturbed with electromagnetic radiation of appropriate wavelength and intensity, photorefractive (PR) systems alter their local refractive index properties. To achieve PR properties, photoconductivity and electro-optical response are required. This chapter describes the physics and chemistry of PR systems to stimuli such as electric field and light. Various processes such as photogeneration of charge carriers, charge transport, electro-optic (EO) effect, and grating formation are described in the introductory sections. Material requirements, experimental techniques, and types of PR systems are discussed in the context of the recent progress in PR polymers and their applications.The PR effect is observed in materials showing both photoconductivity and an electric-field-dependent refractive index. The first observation of PR effect in a polymer system was made in the EO polymer bisphenol-A-diglycidylether 4-nitro-1,2-phenylenediamine doped with the charge-transporting molecule diethylamino-benzaldehyde diphenylhydrazone [1]. PR media can be used to store a replica of the incident nonuniform intensity pattern as a refractive index modulation. Illumination with uniform intensity distribution of appropriate wavelength will erase any grating that has already been written inside the material, making them suitable for reversible and real-time holography. Many applications such as multiplexed data storage [2], holographic filters [3], neural networks [4], and updatable 3D display [5] have been demonstrated on a laboratory scale, but commercial products are not yet available mainly because of the strict requirements on material quality and the complexity of the optics required to implement these systems. Early searches for better materials had been concentrated on inorganic crystals, but after the invention of polymer PR materials, significant research efforts have directed to this class of materials as well due to the ease of processability, which is an advantage over inorganic crystals. Diffraction efficiency approaching 100% and two-beam coupling (TBC) gain coefficient of >400 cm −1 have been achieved in PR polymers. The gain coefficients in hybrid systems combining liquid crystals or low-molecular-weight glass-forming materials and polymers have Handbook of Stimuli-Responsive Materials. Edited by Marek W. Urban

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“…Regarding synthesis strategies, still the synthesis of chromophorecontaining monomer followed by polymerization remains the most convenient route. [17][18][19][20] However, most of the time, this method fails to realize high molecular weight and very often requires the use of comonomer that further complicates the situation. As the relaxation of oriented dipoles is the most important criteria for selection toward device fabrication, it is obvious that high molecular weight polymer is a must.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Azobenzene derivatives have widely been investigated as promising NLO materials17, 18 because of their high hyperpolarizability, easy methods of preparation, and better processibility. Regarding synthesis strategies, still the synthesis of chromophore‐containing monomer followed by polymerization remains the most convenient route 17–20. However, most of the time, this method fails to realize high molecular weight and very often requires the use of comonomer that further complicates the situation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and characterization of azo‐based acrylate polymers for use as nonlinear optical materials

Rekha

Ratna

Samui

2006

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In this work, high molecular weight azo polymers were synthesized by incorporating the azo monomer into a base polymer through their reactive functional groups. Copolymers of methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid (with varying concentrations of carboxylic acid group) were synthesized. These were then reacted with epoxy-terminated azo molecule by carboxylic acid-epoxy reaction. The functionalized systems show excellent film homogeneity and optical clarity. The series of copolymers were characterized using FTIR, NMR, UV-vis spectrometry, gel permeation chromatography, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The polymer films coated on ITO glass slides were poled and their order parameters were calculated to check the stability of oriented dipoles. Temporal stability, checked up to 120 h under ambient conditions, was found to be excellent.

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Second-harmonic generation by Cerenkov-type phase matching in a poled polymer waveguide

Cited by 22 publications

References 18 publications

Čerenkov-type second-harmonic generation in thin planar calix[4]arene waveguiding films

Čerenkov-type second-harmonic generation in thin planar calix[4]arene waveguiding films

Photorefractive Polymers

Synthesis and characterization of azo‐based acrylate polymers for use as nonlinear optical materials

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