Čerenkov-type second-harmonic generation in thin planar calix[4]arene waveguiding films

Noordman, O.F.J.; Hulst, Niek F. van; Bölger, B.

doi:10.1364/josab.12.002398

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The films were allowed to cool to room temperature while the voltage was maintained. The orientation parameter cos 3 θ of the films was calculated as described in ref and varied between 0.2 and 0.3. The SHG efficiencies of the films were measured with a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm fundamental wavelength, using α-quartz as a reference ( d 11 = 0.51 pm V -1 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Noordman et al have shown that with neat films of (tetranitrotetrapropoxy)calix[4]arene frequency doubling from 820 to 410 nm is possible with efficiencies up to 0.23% over a path length of 6 mm in a Cerenkov-type device 13a. Efficiencies of that order of magnitude and higher (2 orders of magnitude is feasible 13a ) should also be obtainable with the polymer films 7a and 7b since the absorption properties of these films are, as expected, similar to or even better than the neat calix[4]arene films used in the Cerenkov-type devices.…”

Section: Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this paper the synthesis and physical characterization of a class of polyimides in which nitrocalix[4]arenes have been incorporated in the main chain as the NLO-active groups are reported. These polymers form thermally stable and highly transparent NLO materials, which makes them especially suitable for frequency doubling in the UV region …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Active Calix[4]arene Polyimides Suitable for Frequency Doubling in the UV Region

Kenis¹,

Noordman²,

Hulst³

et al. 1997

Chem. Mater.

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A new type of soluble calix [4]arene-based polyimides was prepared by reaction of bis(3aminopropyl) dipropyl functionalized tetranitrocalix[4]arenes with hexafluoroisopropylidene diphthalic anhydride. Spin-coating of these polymers and subsequent electric field poling results in films that are highly transparent above 410 nm and exhibit high and thermally stable second harmonic generation coefficients. These properties make these materials very suitable for frequency-doubling applications in the UV region (820-410 nm).

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Active Calix[4]arene Polyimides Suitable for Frequency Doubling in the UV Region

Kenis¹,

Noordman²,

Hulst³

et al. 1997

Chem. Mater.

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“…13 The sample was rotated, and the SHG measurement was conducted in both the s f p and p f p polarized geometry. Therefore, assuming that the Kleinman symmetry rule was valid, 14 we used the s f p fringe to calculate the d 31 (d 31 = d 15 ) and the p f p fringe to calculate the d 33 value. The SHG signal was normalized with respect to that of a calibrated quartz crystal wafer (X-cut) 1 mm thick whose d 11 is 0.46 pm/V.…”

Section: ' Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Chromophore Size and Shape on the SHG Stability of PMMA Films with Embebbed NLO Active Macrocyclic Chromophores Based on a Cyclotetrasiloxane Scaffold

et al. 2011

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In recent years, efforts have been dedicated to the investigation of the technological properties of nonlinear optical (NLO) organic crystalline materials with the aim of their application in various electro-optical devices, such as optical waveguides. 1 However, it is quite difficult to produce electro-optical devices starting from organic crystalline materials. For such a reason, in the last two decades, many investigations on composite NLO materials based on organic or organometallic second order NLO molecular chromophores embedded in organic polymers have been developed, as an other approach to second order NLO materials, based on molecular NLO chromophores, 2 which may show attractive properties such as low dielectric constant, chemical stability, high damage threshold, fast response time, and good processability. 3 In order to induce second harmonic generation (SHG) in an amorphous thin polymeric film with an embebbed second order NLO molecular chromophore, it is necessary to apply a strong oriented electric field working at about the glass transition temperature (T g ) of the polymer (poling process). This process allows the orientation of the dipolar chromophores in regions of the polymeric microscopic framework with sufficient local free volume and segmental mobility. 4 In this way, by a preferred orientation of the molecular dipoles, a polar order is produced and the macroscopic centrosymmetry is removed. For practical uses, these composite materials should show good nonlinearity and chemical stability, and in particular a satisfactory stability in the time of their SHG.The stability in the time of the SHG of these NLO active composite polymeric materials as a function either of the poling parameters, for example, the T g of the polymer or the concentration of the NLO active chromophores, has been largely investigated. 2,3,5 However, less research has been done in order to clear the role of the size and shape of the chromophores. 1e,6 This role may be significant, since the temporal stability of the SHG is related to the relaxation dynamics of the oriented NLO chromophores in the polymeric matrix. 7 Recently, some of us reported the synthesis and second order NLO response of a series of tetrameric macrocyclic second order NLO chromophores, based on four NLO active organic tails assembled in a cone arrangement on the same face of a cyclotetrasiloxane ring. In parallel, the monomeric structurally homologous NLO chromophores have been synthesized and their second order NLO response investigated. 8 The second order NLO response of these macrocyclic NLO chromophores, measured in CH 2 Cl 2 solution as μβ 1.91 by the ABSTRACT: In this work, the second harmonic generation (SHG) and the nonlinear optical (NLO) coefficients d 33 of PMMA films, containing 4 wt % NLO active macrocyclic chromophores based on a cyclotetrasiloxane scaffold and of their monomeric structurally homologous NLO active chromophores, were obtained by an electrical poling process and measured at room temperature during a period of many mont...

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“…Functionalized calix[4]arene molecules have been applied in various areas including sensors, molecular recognition, and molecular switches ), combining four donor−π-acceptor chromophoric units in one molecule, has interesting nonlinear optical properties. − In this paper we report on our studies of the material properties of neat 1 in the solid phase and in thin films. The typical phase transition of solid 1 at temperatures between 130 and 140 °C was investigated in detail.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scanning Force Microscopy Studies on Molecular Packing and Friction Anisotropy in Thin Films of Tetranitrotetrapropoxycalix[4]arene

et al. 1998

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Thin films of tetranitrotetrapropoxycalix[4]arene (1) show an unusual phase behavior and the formation of a complex multidomain structure. An endothermic phase transition, which occurs between 130 and 140°C in bulk, was studied using differential scanning calorimetry, optical microscopy, magic angle solid-state NMR, and X-ray crystallography. In annealed films of 1, two types of crystalline domains (I and II) can be distinguished with different optical, morphological, and friction properties. These domains were investigated at the molecular level by a combination of multimode scanning force microscopy (SFM), optical microscopy, and X-ray diffraction experiments. SFM force measurements as well as tapping mode phase images showed that different functional groups are exposed at the surface for the different domains. The friction forces observed in SFM depend on the type of domain, the applied load, and the orientation of the domain with respect to the scanning direction. The friction forces observed at normal forces below ca. 240 nN are lower for type I domains than for type II domains. For forces higher than 260 nN an inversion of the relative friction is observed. Moreover, type I domains exhibit a friction anisotropy that can be attributed to different orientations of the molecular crystal structure with respect to the scanning direction. Two lattices were observed by high-resolution SFM in type I domains, one of rectangular symmetry (x ) 10.0 Å, y ) 11.8 Å, R ) 90°) and one of pseudohexagonal symmetry (d ) 11.6 Å), which were in agreement with the parameters of the (010) and (011) facets of the X-ray single-crystal structure (a ) 23.94 Å, b ) 33.01 Å, c ) 20.59 Å, and R, , γ ) 90°). In conclusion, the molecular packing and friction properties of the multidomain structure of thin films of 1 could be elucidated by SFM and complementary methods.

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Čerenkov-type second-harmonic generation in thin planar calix[4]arene waveguiding films

Cited by 11 publications

References 22 publications

Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Active Calix[4]arene Polyimides Suitable for Frequency Doubling in the UV Region

Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Active Calix[4]arene Polyimides Suitable for Frequency Doubling in the UV Region

The Role of the Chromophore Size and Shape on the SHG Stability of PMMA Films with Embebbed NLO Active Macrocyclic Chromophores Based on a Cyclotetrasiloxane Scaffold

Scanning Force Microscopy Studies on Molecular Packing and Friction Anisotropy in Thin Films of Tetranitrotetrapropoxycalix[4]arene

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