Seaweeds for livestock diets: A review

Makkar, H.P.S.; Tran, Gilles; Heuzé, Valérie; Giger-Reverdin, Sylvie; Lessire, Michel; Lebas, François; Ankers, P.

doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.09.018

Cited by 429 publications

(339 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…However, a great deal of research is still needed to establish an industrial-scale culturing system (Fayaz Bhat and Fayaz 2011). Other alternative protein sources investigated both as food and feed are as follows: seaweed (Mohamed et al 2012;Makkar et al 2016), duckweed (Appenroth et al 2017), canola/rapeseed , micro-algae and other microbes (Vigani et al 2015), and insects (Van Huis et al 2013). The latter option is the primary focus of this review.…”

Section: Alternative Protein Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The environmental sustainability of insects as food and feed. A review

Huis

Oonincx

2017

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

567

322

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With a growing world population, increasingly demanding consumers, and a limited amount of agricultural land, there is an urgent need to find alternatives to conventional meat products. Livestock production is, moreover, a leading cause of anthropogenic-induced climate change. To mediate this, more sustainable diets are needed, with reduced meat consumption or the use of alternative protein sources. Insects are promoted as human food and animal feed worldwide. In tropical countries, edible insects are harvested from nature, but overexploitation, habitat changes, and environmental contamination threaten this food resource. Therefore, sustainable harvesting practices need to be developed and implemented. We provide examples of (1) aquatic insects whose populations are threatened by pollution, (2) caterpillar species in Africa that are disappearing due to overexploitation and habitat change, (3) edible insects species that are considered pests in agro-ecosystems, and (4) edible insect species that can be conserved and enhanced in forest management systems. Insect farming can be conducted either on small-scale farms or in large-scale industrialized rearing facilities. We review the environmental sustainability of insect farming compared to livestock production. The major environmental advantages of insect farming compared to livestock production are as follows: (1) less land and water is required; (2) greenhouse gas emissions are lower; (3) insects have high feed conversion efficiencies; (4) insects can transform low-value organic by-products into highquality food or feed; and (5) certain insect species can be used as animal feed or aqua feed. For instance, they can replace fish meal, which is becoming increasingly scarce and expensive.However, edible insect species intended for production should be screened for risks to humans, animals, plants, and biodiversity.

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Section: Alternative Protein Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The environmental sustainability of insects as food and feed. A review

Huis

Oonincx

2017

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

567

322

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“…Hence, supplementing feed for ruminant cattle with seaweed holds a potential to reduce methane emissions, a possibility that, if confirmed by in vivo and farm-scale experiments, could greatly contribute to mitigate emissions of this powerful greenhouse gas. Prebiotic compounds and essential minerals in seaweeds may furthermore help to enhance livestock production and health (Rey-Crespo et al, 2014;Makkar et al, 2016), as well as substitute the use of antibiotics in the intensive livestock production (O'Doherty et al, 2010;O'Shea et al, 2014). An additional potential benefit of seaweed farming for agriculture is a reported increase in productivity of crops via soil amelioration by nutrient-rich seaweed biochar (Roberts et al, 2015;Zacharia et al, 2015) or seaweed compost (Cole et al, 2016), thereby avoiding emissions involved in synthetic fertilizer production (Smith, 2002).…”

Section: Global Seaweed Production and The Associated Co 2 Uptakementioning

confidence: 99%

Can Seaweed Farming Play a Role in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation?

et al. 2017

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Seaweed aquaculture, the fastest-growing component of global food production, offers a slate of opportunities to mitigate, and adapt to climate change. Seaweed farms release carbon that maybe buried in sediments or exported to the deep sea, therefore acting as a CO 2 sink. The crop can also be used, in total or in part, for biofuel production, with a potential CO 2 mitigation capacity, in terms of avoided emissions from fossil fuels, of about 1,500 tons CO 2 km −2 year −1 . Seaweed aquaculture can also help reduce the emissions from agriculture, by improving soil quality substituting synthetic fertilizer and when included in cattle fed, lowering methane emissions from cattle. Seaweed aquaculture contributes to climate change adaptation by damping wave energy and protecting shorelines, and by elevating pH and supplying oxygen to the waters, thereby locally reducing the effects of ocean acidification and de-oxygenation. The scope to expand seaweed aquaculture is, however, limited by the availability of suitable areas and competition for suitable areas with other uses, engineering systems capable of coping with rough conditions offshore, and increasing market demand for seaweed products, among other factors. Despite these limitations, seaweed farming practices can be optimized to maximize climate benefits, which may, if economically compensated, improve the income of seaweed farmers.

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“…Their remarkable hydrocolloids components, namely alginate, agar and carrageenan tend to provide numerous ingredients to the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, textiles, paper and biotechnology industries as stabilizers, thickeners, emulsifier and fillers [6][7][8]. Traditional production of these hydrocolloids in the industry involved multi-stage processing, with few principal steps such as cleaning/ washing, pre-treatment, solid/liquid separation (extraction), precipitation and filtration, and drying and milling; depending on raw materials and their final applications [9,10].…”

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confidence: 99%