Seasonal variations in the atmospheric distribution of a reactive chlorine compound, tetrachloroethene (CCl<sub>2</sub>=CCl<sub>2</sub>)

Wang, Charles J.-L.; Blake, Donald R.; Rowland, F. S.

doi:10.1029/95gl01069

Cited by 72 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The influence of fossil fuel burning can be further investigated by using the industrial/urban tracer C 2 Cl 4 which is an entirely man-made compound used as a dry cleaning agent and degreasing solvent in industrial and commercial activities (Wang et al, 1995). During previous campaigns, C 2 Cl 4 was suggested as a unique urban/industrial tracer in Asian continental outflow (Blake et al, 1997;Wang et al, 1995). The level of C 2 Cl 4 measured during the CARIBIC flights presented here ranged from 0.9 to 2.2 ppt, which is similar to the range observed at altitudes >7 km in the spring of 2001 during TRACE-P (Russo et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pollution events observed during CARIBIC flights in the upper troposphere between South China and the Philippines

et al. 2010

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Abstract.A strong pollution episode in the upper troposphere between South China and the Philippines was observed during CARIBIC flights in April 2007. Five pollution events were observed, where enhancements in aerosol and trace gas concentrations including CO, CO 2 , CH 4 , nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and halocarbons were observed along the flight tracks during four sequential flights. The importance of the contribution of biomass/biofuel burning was investigated using chemical tracers, emission factor analysis, back-trajectory analysis and satellite images. The Indochinese peninsula was identified as the probable source region of biomass/biofuel burning. However, enhancements in the urban/industrial tracer C 2 Cl 4 during the events also indicate a substantial contribution from urban anthropogenic emissions. An estimation of the contribution of fossil fuel versus biomass/biofuel to the CO enhancement was made, indicating a biomass/biofuel burning contribution of ∼54 to ∼92% of the observed CO enhancements. Biomass/biofuel burning was found to be the most important source category during the sampling period.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollution events observed during CARIBIC flights in the upper troposphere between South China and the Philippines

et al. 2010

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“…Although some industrial emissions sources near selected monitoring locations emit this compound to the air, Table 5 suggests that the impact of these industrial sources is marginal. However, the mean concentrations are about 2-4 times greater than its background concentration of 0.014 ppbv at northern hemisphere (Wang et al, 1995). Not included in Table 5, however, are data from industries (such as dry cleaners) that are known to emit tetrachloroethylene but are not required to report these emissions to TRI.…”

Section: Methylene Chloride (Dichloromethane)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Volatile organic compounds in some urban locations in United States

2002

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Importance of this paper: Air pollution in urban locations contains many components that originate from a wide range of industrial, motor vehicle, and natural emissions sources. Some of these components include compounds known or suspected to be carcinogenic, and some of them play important roles in atmospheric chemistry such as tropospheric ozone pollution and stratospheric ozone depletion. Therefore, it is essential to characterize the composition, magnitude, and the distribution of urban air pollution through extensive ambient air monitoring and assess the impact of these components on human health and global atmospheric chemistry. AbstractVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been determined to be human risk factors in urban environments, as well as primary contributors to the formation of photochemical oxidants. Ambient air quality measurements of 54 VOCs including hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons and carbonyls were conducted in or near 13 urban locations in the United States during September 1996 to August 1997. Air samples were collected and analyzed in accordance with US Environmental Protection Agency-approved methods. The target compounds most commonly found were benzene, toluene, xylene and ethylbenzene. These aromatic compounds were highly correlated and proportionally related in a manner suggesting that the primary contributors were mobile sources in all the urban locations studied. Concentrations of total hydrocarbons ranged between 1.39 and 11.93 parts per billion, by volume (ppbv). Ambient air levels of halogenated hydrocarbons appeared to exhibit unique spatial variations, and no single factor seemed to explain trends for this group of compounds. The highest halogenated hydrocarbon concentrations ranged from 0.24 ppbv for methylene chloride to 1.22 ppbv for chloromethane. At participating urban locations for the year of data considered, levels of carbonyls were higher than the level of the other organic compound groups, suggesting that emissions from motor vehicles and photochemical reactions strongly influence ambient air concentrations of carbonyls. Of the most prevalent carbonyls, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the dominant compounds, ranging from 1.5-7.4 ppbv for formaldehyde, to 0.8-2.7 ppbv for acetaldehyde. Ó

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“…Trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene are primarily used as dry cleaning and degreasing solvents and are thus tracers of industrial sources (e.g., Wang et al, 1995;McCulloch and Midgley, 1996). It is necessary to monitor the atmospheric trends of C 2 HCl 3 and C 2 Cl 4 because they are used as replacements for CFCs and in the production of HFCs and HCFCs and because they are classified as toxic air pollutants and are regulated by the EPA (US EPA, 2007).…”

Section: Halocarbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-year (2004–2008) record of nonmethane hydrocarbons and halocarbons in New England: seasonal variations and regional sources

et al. 2010

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Abstract. Multi-year time series records of C 2 -C 6 alkanes, C 2 -C 4 alkenes, ethyne, isoprene, C 6 -C 8 aromatics, trichloroethene (C 2 HCl 3 ), and tetrachloroethene (C 2 Cl 4 ) from canister samples collected during January 2004-February 2008 at the University of New Hampshire (UNH) AIRMAP Observatory at Thompson Farm (TF) in Durham, NH are presented. The objectives of this work are to identify the sources of nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and halocarbons observed at TF, characterize the seasonal and interannual variability in ambient mixing ratios and sources, and estimate regional emission rates of NMHCs. Analysis of correlations and comparisons with emission ratios indicated that a ubiquitous and persistent mix of emissions from several anthropogenic sources is observed throughout the entire year. The highest C 2 -C 8 anthropogenic NMHC mixing ratios were observed in mid to late winter. Following the springtime minimums, the C 3 -C 6 alkanes, C 7 -C 8 aromatics, and C 2 HCl 3 increased in early to mid summer, presumably reflecting enhanced evaporative emissions. Mixing ratios of C 2 Cl 4 and C 2 HCl 3 decreased by 0.7±0.2 and 0.3±0.05 pptv/year, respectively, which is indicative of reduced usage and emissions of these halogenated solvents. Emission rates of C 3 -C 8 NMHCs were estimated to be 10 9 to 10 10 molecules cm −2 s −1 in winter 2006. The emission rates extrapolated to the state of New Hampshire and New England were ∼2-60 Mg/day and ∼12-430 Mg/day, respectively. Emission rates of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, Correspondence to: R. S. Russo (rrusso@gust.sr.unh.edu) xylenes, and ethyne in the 2002 and 2005 EPA National Emissions Inventories were within ±50% of the TF emission rates.

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Seasonal variations in the atmospheric distribution of a reactive chlorine compound, tetrachloroethene (CCl₂=CCl₂)

Cited by 72 publications

References 15 publications

Pollution events observed during CARIBIC flights in the upper troposphere between South China and the Philippines

Pollution events observed during CARIBIC flights in the upper troposphere between South China and the Philippines

Volatile organic compounds in some urban locations in United States

Multi-year (2004–2008) record of nonmethane hydrocarbons and halocarbons in New England: seasonal variations and regional sources

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Seasonal variations in the atmospheric distribution of a reactive chlorine compound, tetrachloroethene (CCl2=CCl2)

Cited by 72 publications

References 15 publications

Pollution events observed during CARIBIC flights in the upper troposphere between South China and the Philippines

Pollution events observed during CARIBIC flights in the upper troposphere between South China and the Philippines

Volatile organic compounds in some urban locations in United States

Multi-year (2004–2008) record of nonmethane hydrocarbons and halocarbons in New England: seasonal variations and regional sources

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Seasonal variations in the atmospheric distribution of a reactive chlorine compound, tetrachloroethene (CCl₂=CCl₂)