Seasonal variation and the immune response: A fish perspective

Kidney pathology and parasite intensity in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss surviving proliferative kidney disease: time course and influence of temperature

“…Both techniques (direct counting and real-time PCR) indicate an accelerated elimination of the parasites at the higher water temperature. This may be due to an influence of temperature on the immune system of the fish, probably affecting the elimination of the parasites by the host (for reviews see Bowden et al 2007, Bowden 2008, Magnadóttir 2006.…”

Prevalence of serum antibodies against Saprolegnia parasitica in wild and farmed brown trout Salmo trutta

“…It is well known that temperature, photoperiod and other environmental conditions, which vary seasonally, may have an impact on the immune system of fish (Bowden et al 2007). Generally, higher temperatures (in the physiologically normal range) have been reported to enhance immune responses in fish, whereas lower temperatures adversely affect immune function (Bly & Clem 1992).…”

Effects of repeated handling and air exposure on the immune response and the disease resistance of gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) over winter

“…In Indian major carp (Labeo rohita) some non-specific immune parameters as serum lysozyme and myeloperoxidase activities were lower in winter as compared to any other season of the year [5]. Serum lysozyme activity, levels of respiratory burst by head kidney macrophages, blood cell counts and acquired antibody titres against Vibrio anguillarum, were all found to be positively correlated with season [6]. Therefore, the immune response of fish is known to vary seasonally and the immune parameters are suppressed during winter [1].…”