Seasonal Imbalances in Natural Gas Imports in Major  Northeast Asian Countries: Variations, Reasons,  Outlooks and Countermeasures

Kong, Zhaoyang; Dong, Xiucheng; Zhou, Zhongbing

doi:10.3390/su7021690

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…Imported gas has a relatively favourable EROI in the range of 6.9:1-13.8:1 (Kong et al 2015b), which is similar to CSG. In the current situation, in which the domestic gas supply cannot meet demand and gas import dependency is relatively low, imported gas is also a good choice from the net energy perspective.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Energy return on investment, energy payback time, and greenhouse gas emissions of coal seam gas (CSG) production in China: a case of the Fanzhuang CSG project

Kong

Dong

et al. 2017

Pet. Sci.

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The studies and development of coal seam gas (CSG) have been conducted for more than 30 years in China, but few of China's CSG projects have achieved large-scale commercial success; faced with the boom of shale gas, some investors are beginning to lose patience and confidence in CSG. China currently faces the following question: Should the government continue to vigorously support the development of the CSG industry? To provide a reference for policy makers and investors, this paper calculates the EROI stnd [a standardized energy return on investment (EROI) method], EROI ide (the maximum theoretical EROI), EROI 3,i (EROI considering the energy investment in transport), and EROI 3,1?e (EROI with environmental inputs) of a single vertical CSG well in the Fanzhuang CSG project in the Qinshui Basin. The energy payback time (EPT) and the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the CSG systems are also calculated. The results show that over a 15-year lifetime, EROI stnd , EROI ide , EROI 3,1 , and EROI 3,1?e are expected to deliver EROIs of approximately 11:1, 20:1, 7:1, and 6:1, respectively. The EPT within different boundaries is no more than 2 years, and the life-cycle GHG emissions are approximately 18.8 million kg CO 2 equivalent. The relatively high EROI and short EPT indicate that the government should take more positive measures to promote the development of the CSG industry.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Energy return on investment, energy payback time, and greenhouse gas emissions of coal seam gas (CSG) production in China: a case of the Fanzhuang CSG project

Kong

Dong

et al. 2017

Pet. Sci.

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“…Since the 1990s, the Chinese government has implemented several NG price reforms. The pricing method for NG has evolved from government pricing to a two-track implementation to prices set with government guidance and finally to the current market net back value method (Kong et al 2015). Although the pricing mechanisms have gradually improved, market-oriented pricing is still not used for China's NG.…”

Section: Policy Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Together, oil and gas comprise approximately 25.5 % of the consumption of primary energy resources (Safronov and Sokolov 2014). Due to China's limited domestic production capacity, however, increasing amounts of oil and gas have been imported from counties such as Qatar, Indonesia, Malaysia, Russia, and Australia (Kong et al 2015). Over the last 7 years, China's dependency on imported oil (IO) has increased by 21.5 % annually, and in 2013, it reached 59 percent of total use (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The potential of domestic production and imports of oil and gas in China: an energy return on investment perspective

et al. 2016

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Concerns about China's energy security have escalated because of the country's high dependency on oil and gas imports, so it is necessary to calculate the availability of domestic oil and gas resources and China's ability to obtain foreign energy through trade. In this work, the calculation was done by using the energy return on investment (EROI) method. The results showed that the EROI stnd (i.e., standard EROI) of China's oil and gas extraction decreased from approximately 17.3:1 in 1986 to 8.4:1 in 2003, but it increased to 12.2:1 in 2013. From a company-level perspective, the EROI stnd differed for different companies and was in the range of (8-12):1. The EROI 2,d (EROI considering energy outputs after processed and direct energy inputs) for different companies was in the range of (3-7):1. The EROI of imported oil (EROI IO ) declined from 14.8:1 in 1998 to approximately 4.8:1 in 2014, and the EROI of imported natural gas (EROI ING ) declined from 16.7:1 in 2009 to 8.6:1 in 2014. In 2015, the EROI IO and EROI ING showed a slight increase due to decreasing import prices. In general, this paper suggests that from a net energy perspective, it has become more difficult for China to obtain oil and gas from both domestic production and imports. China is experiencing an EROI decline, which demonstrates the risk in the use of unsustainable fossil resources.

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“…However, for a country level in places such as the United Kingdom, where the seasonal energy demand between winter (4.5 TWh day −1 ) and summer (1.5 TWh day −1 ) varies significantly [53], the current capacity (technical, economic and volumetric) of energy storage dictates that it cannot play an important role in reducing seasonal peak demand: as such, gas will remain as a major source of peak electricity supply and heat [54].…”

Section: Alternative Energy Mixes and The "Silver Buckshot"mentioning

confidence: 99%

Silver Buckshot or Bullet: Is a Future “Energy Mix” Necessary?

Brook

Blees²,

Wigley

et al. 2018

Sustainability

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Abstract:To displace fossil fuels and achieve the global greenhouse-gas emissions reductions required to meet the Paris Agreement on climate change, the prevalent argument is that a mix of different low-carbon energy sources will need to be deployed. Here we seek to challenge that viewpoint. We argue that a completely decarbonized, energy-rich and sustainable future could be achieved with a dominant deployment of next-generation nuclear fission and associated technologies for synthesizing liquid fuels and recycling waste. By contrast, non-dispatchable energy sources like wind and solar energy are arguably superfluous, other than for niche applications, and run the risk of diverting resources away from viable and holistic solutions. For instance, the pairing of variable renewables with natural-gas backup fails to address many of the entrenched problems we seek to solve. Our conclusion is that, given the urgent time frame and massive extent of the energy-replacement challenge, half-measures that distract from or stymie effective policy and infrastructure investment should be avoided.

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Seasonal Imbalances in Natural Gas Imports in Major Northeast Asian Countries: Variations, Reasons, Outlooks and Countermeasures

Cited by 12 publications

References 13 publications

Energy return on investment, energy payback time, and greenhouse gas emissions of coal seam gas (CSG) production in China: a case of the Fanzhuang CSG project

Energy return on investment, energy payback time, and greenhouse gas emissions of coal seam gas (CSG) production in China: a case of the Fanzhuang CSG project

The potential of domestic production and imports of oil and gas in China: an energy return on investment perspective

Silver Buckshot or Bullet: Is a Future “Energy Mix” Necessary?

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