Seasonal fluctuations of phlebotomine sand fly populations (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the urban area of Marrakech, Morocco

Boussaa, Samia; Guernaoui, Souad; Pesson, B.; Boumezzough, Ali

doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.05.002

Cited by 81 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. major has been reported in Morocco since 1914 (Rioux et al 1986). In this country, CL is caused by L. major or L. tropica while VL is caused by L. infantum (Rhajaoui, et al, 2004;Boussaa et al, 2005). The dog was confirmed to be the main reservoir of L. infantum MON-1, while the reservoir of L. infantum MON-24, causative agent of both infantile VL and CL, has not yet been identified (Haralambous et al 2007).…”

Section: Leishmaniasis In Moroccomentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmaniasis in northern and western Africa: a review

Kimutai¹,

Ngure²,

Tonui³

et al. 2010

African Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Leishmaniasis, one of the highly neglected diseases is currently a significant health problem in northern Africa with a rising concern in western Africa because of co-infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). In this review, we present a summarized analysis of the epidemiology, infective species, parasites reservoirs, diagnosis, treatment and control measures of leishmaniasis in northern and western Africa region. In northern Africa, the disease is prevalent in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt and Libya. Comparatively, there are low prevalence rates of the disease in West African countries including Cameroon, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Niger, Mali, Nigeria and Senegal. In North Africa, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by L. infantum and transmitted by Phlebotomus perniciosus and P. longicuspis. On the other hand, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is mainly caused by L. major and transmitted by P. papatasi, P. duboscqi and P. pedifer with L. infantum and L. tropica causing lower incidences of the disease. Notably, Algeria is one of the countries that constitute 90% of CL cases worldwide. In Western Africa; CL is caused by L. major while VL is caused by L. donovani. In these regions, zoonotic and anthroponotic cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis is a health problem that should be addressed urgently.

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Section: Leishmaniasis In Moroccomentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmaniasis in northern and western Africa: a review

Kimutai¹,

Ngure²,

Tonui³

et al. 2010

African Journal of Infectious Diseases

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“…However, information on dynamics of Leishmania vectors is limited in Morocco. Few localized and short-term studies are published [6][7][8]. Hence, to better understand epidemiology and distribution of leishmaniasis in Morocco, we have undertaken this study in �ve different stations that represent the main biotopes in the country.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and Bionomic of Sand Flies in Five Ecologically Different Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Foci in Morocco

et al. 2013

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Cutaneous and visceral leishmaniases are endemic in Morocco. eir geographical distribution is well known. It has been related to bioclimatic factors. However, in 2008, two new cutaneous leishmaniasis foci appeared out of the known risk areas. Hence, we have undertaken this entomological survey in �ve foci situated in different bioclimatic areas to better understand the distribution and the epidemiology of this disease. Results of this study, undertaken during 2011, showed the predominance of Phlebotomus sergenti (55.8%) followed by Ph. perniciosus (12.9%), Ph. longicuspis (12.3%), and Ph. papatasi (12.0%). Ph. sergenti was active during 6 months in subhumid area and 8 months in arid, semiarid, and Saharan areas. Compared to previous studies, our results show a rise in Ph. sergenti abundance and an extension of its activity period. ese results could explain the increase in anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence in Morocco and its extension to new nonendemic regions. Ph. perniciosus and Ph. longicuspis have also displayed a large distribution and a long activity period indicating a high potential risk of Leishmania infantum transmission in the studied areas.

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“…The urbanization of VL is not a phenomenon exclusive to Brazil, however, since it has been described in other countries including Iran [32], Mexico [33] and Morocco [34]. A number of factors are believed to be responsible for the urbanization of the disease and these include operational and technical difficulties in eliminating the potential reservoirs, failure in controlling the propagation of the vector, and the high cost of control measures [35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Canine visceral leishmaniasis in an urban setting of Southeastern Brazil: an ecological study involving spatial analysis

Teixeira-Neto

Silva

Nascimento

et al. 2014

Parasites & Vectors

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Background: The physical characteristics of the environment influence the composition, distribution and behavior of the vectors and mammalian hosts involved in the transmission of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), thereby affecting the epidemiology of the disease. In Brazil, urbanization of human VL is a recent phenomenon and represents an issue of particular concern to local health authorities. The present study aimed to establish the degree of spatial dependency between canine and human VL in the municipality of Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and to identify priority risk areas in which stricter control measures should be implemented. Methods: The selected canine population comprised 3,652 dogs distributed within 11 strata and 1,247 urban blocks. Serum samples were collected between March 2013 and February 2014. Serodiagnosis of dogs was performed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the indirect fluorescent-antibody test. The blocks sampled for canine VL and the addresses of the 16 confirmed cases of human VL notified in Divinópolis during the period 2007-2013 were georeferenced. Spatial analysis of the data was performed using Kernel density estimation, Ripley's bivariate K-function and directional distribution methods. Results: The overall prevalence of seropositive animals was 4.63% (range 3.95 -5.31) (n =169) and varied in different strata between 0.9 (range 0.0 -1.91) and 8.73% (range 5.65 -11.81). A positive spatial dependency was detected between human and canine VL in which the occurrence of human cases of the disease tended to concentrate in locations that were close to areas with a higher incidence of canine VL. The priority risk area could be clearly distinguished from Kernel density estimation and standard deviational ellipse plots in which the human VL ellipse was totally enclosed within the canine VL ellipse. Conclusions: The results presented herein will enable the Municipal Health Office of Divinópolis to devise a more effective management plan for human VL in which specific strategies would be applied to areas presenting different levels of risk. This spatial evaluation of leishmaniasis model could be applied in other urban areas of Brazil.

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Seasonal fluctuations of phlebotomine sand fly populations (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the urban area of Marrakech, Morocco

Cited by 81 publications

References 7 publications

Leishmaniasis in northern and western Africa: a review

Leishmaniasis in northern and western Africa: a review

Distribution and Bionomic of Sand Flies in Five Ecologically Different Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Foci in Morocco

Canine visceral leishmaniasis in an urban setting of Southeastern Brazil: an ecological study involving spatial analysis

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