“…months or years are highly suitable to these types of questions, especially when similar environmental changes are repeated during the investigation, representing a form of temporal replication (Pomati et al, 2012;Edwards et al, 2013;Tsai et al, 2014;Weithoff et al, 2015;Bortolini et al, 2016;Weithoff and Gaedke, 2017). Alternatively, instead of temporal replication, trait-based approaches also enable a space-for-time substitution in which many sites receiving a similar environmental signal (e.g., sites along a coastal or river stretch or lakes within the same region) are sampled only once or a very few times (Longhi and Beisner, 2010;Machado et al, 2016;Santana et al, 2017;Vadrucci et al, 2017). Trait-based approaches become particularly helpful in such cases, as they are ataxonomic, facilitating the detection of common response patterns within these potentially disparate communities.…”