Seasonal and annual changes in PAH concentrations in a remote site in the Pacific Ocean

Miura, K.; Shimada, Kojiro; Sugiyama, Taichi; Sato, Kei; Takami, Akinori; Chan, Chak K.; Kim, In Sun; Kim, Yong Pyo; Lin, Neng Huei; Hatakeyama, Shiro

doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47409-9

Cited by 40 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…PAH concentration varies in all seasons; concentration is highest in winter followed by spring, autumn, and summer. The higher PAH level in winter and spring can be attributed to the high quantity of incomplete combustion of fossil fuel, elevated residential heating, lower photodegradation, and poor diffusion due to atmospheric conditions like calm winds and low temperature (Miura et al, 2019). Figure 1 shows different types of PAH emission sources.…”

Section: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Physico-chemical Propertiementioning

confidence: 99%

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Sources, Toxicity, and Remediation Approaches

et al. 2020

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread across the globe mainly due to long-term anthropogenic sources of pollution. The inherent properties of PAHs such as heterocyclic aromatic ring structures, hydrophobicity, and thermostability have made them recalcitrant and highly persistent in the environment. PAH pollutants have been determined to be highly toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, and immunotoxicogenic to various life forms. Therefore, this review discusses the primary sources of PAH emissions, exposure routes, and toxic effects on humans, in particular. This review briefly summarizes the physical and chemical PAH remediation approaches such as membrane filtration, soil washing, adsorption, electrokinetic, thermal, oxidation, and photocatalytic treatments. This review provides a detailed systematic compilation of the eco-friendly biological treatment solutions for remediation of PAHs such as microbial remediation approaches using bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, and co-cultures. In situ and ex situ biological treatments such as land farming, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, phytoremediation, bioreactor, and vermiremediation approaches are discussed in detail, and a summary of the factors affecting and limiting PAH bioremediation is also discussed. An overview of emerging technologies employing multi-process combinatorial treatment approaches is given, and newer concepts on generation of value-added by-products during PAH remediation are highlighted in this review.

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Section: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Physico-chemical Propertiementioning

confidence: 99%

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Sources, Toxicity, and Remediation Approaches

et al. 2020

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“…For 14 PAHs, each ring-group of PAHs were used as indicator to distinguish the combustion sources of solid fuel (coal + biomass) and liquid fuel (vehicular emission). Combustion of solid fuels such as coal and biomass mainly emit PAHs that have three and four benzene rings, and liquid fuel combustion such as vehicular emissions is a source for PAHs with five or more benzene ring [18][19][20][21]. Sensitivity analysis by number of variable was conducted in PCA and those results were found to be relatively consistent.…”

Section: Pca Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three factors are identified and these account for 62.6% of the variability in the data. Factor 1 was explained as a mixture of vehicle emissions and solid fuel combustion, as the significance of both LMW-PAHs (Phe, Ant, Fl) [21] and HMW-PAHs, such as Ind and BghiP [40,46] with n-alkanes shorter than C25, were grouped together. Contrary to Factor 1, only PAHs with 5~6 rings were highly loaded with shorter chained n-alkanes.…”

Section: Pca Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Especially, since the emission of fossil fuel combustion in northeast Asian countries such as China and Mongolia has been increasing, recent studies have focused on the health risk assessment of PAHs in PM regarding carcinogenic properties. The identified sources are coal combustion sources and vehicular emissions, and such emission sources are dominant in the colder season [18][19][20][21]. In the city center of Ulaanbaatar City, Mongolia, the lifetime inhalation cancer risk for children and adults in the heating season reached 1.00 × 10 −5 , exceeding EPA guidance value by 10 times [19,22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Occurrence of PAHs and n-Alkanes in PM2.5 in Seoul, Korea and Characteristics of Their Sources and Toxicity

Kang

Kim

Choi

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes in particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5) were quantified at Seoul, Korea in 2018. The seasonal differences in the total concentration of PAHs and n-Alkanes were clear, where winter showed a higher concentration than that of summer. Compared to the PAHs measurements in 2002 at Seoul, the sum of PAHs concentrations in 2018 were reduced from 26.6 to 5.6 ng m−3. Major sources of the observed PAHs and n-alkanes were deduced from various indicators such as diagnostic ratios for PAHs and Cmax, CPI, and WNA (%) indices for n-alkanes. It was found that in winter coal and biomass combustions, and vehicular exhaust were major sources, while, in summer vehicular exhaust was major source. In addition, in winter, major emission sources were located outside of Seoul. The health effect from the recent level of PAHs was estimated and compared to the previous studies observed in Seoul, and it was found that, recently, the toxicity of PAHs in PM2.5 was significantly decreased, except for in the winter.

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“…Generally, these two pollutants are related to diesel vehicular emissions [46][47][48][49][50][51][52] whereas the petrol vehicle emissions are characterized by B[a]P and dibenzo[ah]anthracene emissions [53][54][55][56][57]. For coal combustion, the PAHs profiles are generally characterized by a high presence of fluoranthene, pyrene, phenanthrene and anthracene, to which the chrysene and the isomer of benzo[k]fluorantene are added [58][59][60][61]. Regarding marine emissions, for ships at the port both in mooring and maneuvering, the PAHs fingerprint is represented by naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene, fluorene, followed by acenaphthylene and acenaphthalene [62][63][64][65].…”

Section: Organic Fractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PM10 and PM2.5 Qualitative Source Apportionment Using Selective Wind Direction Sampling in a Port-Industrial Area in Civitavecchia, Italy

et al. 2020

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The possibility to discriminate between different emission sources and between natural and anthropogenic contributions is a key issue for planning efficient air pollution reduction and mitigation strategies. Moreover, the knowledge of the particulate matter (PM) chemical composition for the different size fractions is recognized as increasingly important, in particular with respect to health effects of exposed population. This study is focused on the characterization of PM10 and PM2.5 main sources located in the Civitavecchia harbor-industrial area (Central Italy), namely a large coal-fired power plant, a natural gas power plant, the harbor area, the vehicular traffic (due to both the local traffic and the highway crossing the area) and small industrial activities. The approach was based on PM10/PM2.5 samples monthly collected for one year and a further relative chemical characterization of organic and inorganic fractions. Wind-select sensors, allowing a selective PM10 and PM2.5 sampling downwind to specific emission sources, were used for the overall sampling. This methodology manages to explain specific emission patterns and to assess the concentration levels of the micro pollutants emitted by local sources and particularly toxic for health. A descriptive statistical analysis of data was performed, also verifying the occurrence of legislative threshold exceedances. Moreover, in order to highlight the contribution of specific sources, the differences in the measured micro pollutants concentrations between wind directions, PM size fractions and sampling sites have been investigated, as well as the seasonal trends of pollutants concentrations. These results allow to highlight that the applied methodology represents a valid support in source apportionment studies.

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Seasonal and annual changes in PAH concentrations in a remote site in the Pacific Ocean

Cited by 40 publications

References 53 publications

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Sources, Toxicity, and Remediation Approaches

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Sources, Toxicity, and Remediation Approaches

Recent Occurrence of PAHs and n-Alkanes in PM2.5 in Seoul, Korea and Characteristics of Their Sources and Toxicity

PM10 and PM2.5 Qualitative Source Apportionment Using Selective Wind Direction Sampling in a Port-Industrial Area in Civitavecchia, Italy

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