Recent Occurrence of PAHs and n-Alkanes in PM2.5 in Seoul, Korea and Characteristics of Their Sources and Toxicity

Kang, Myunghee; Kim, Kiae; Choi, Narae; Kim, Yong Pyo; Lee, Ji Yi

doi:10.3390/ijerph17041397

Cited by 30 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(69 reference statements)

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“…Especially sulfur related sources, secondary sulfate and coal combustion, were thought to be affected by several huge coal-red power plants (e.g., Taean 6100 MW, Dangjin 6040 MW, Yeongheung 5080 MW) located in the southwest part of the city. These results are supported by previous studies which also identi ed those coal power stations as attributable factors to PM 2.5 in SL by analyzing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Kang et. al.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Health effects of PM2.5 constituents and source contributions in major metropolitan cities, South Korea

Kim

Yang

Park

et al. 2021

Preprint

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South Korea is one of the East Asian countries suffering severe ambient PM2.5 pollution which has been continuously reported to a risk factor driving both death and disability in many parts of the world. We investigated the associations of cause-specific mortality with both PM2.5 chemical constituents and source contributions in four metropolitan cities, namely Seoul, Daejeon, Gwangju and Ulsan, by applying the generalized linear model (GLM) to the results of the positive matrix factorization (PMF) modeling. The cities represent each of four air control zone designated as of April 2020 by the special law for controlling air pollution on a regional basis in South Korea. We found that that the interquartile range (IQR) increase in the concentration PM2.5 chemical constituents largely increased the relative risk (RR) of mortality, whereas the significance and strength of the associations were different among the cities. In addition, the effects of unit increase in source contributions also differed depending on regions. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest the PM2.5 compositional characteristics may have influenced the heterogeneous health of PM2.5 exposure among the cities. Therefore, the plans and policies based on the regional characteristics of PM2.5 composition and health risk need to be implemented along with the reduction of total mass concentration of PM2.5 for mitigating adverse health effects efficiently from a perspective of public health.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Health effects of PM2.5 constituents and source contributions in major metropolitan cities, South Korea

Kim

Yang

Park

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…During this study, Seoul had PM 2.5 levels of 100~180 μg/m 3 and Denver had PM 2.5 levels of 25~35 μg/m 3 (Real-time Air Quality Index, https://aqicn.org ; AirNow, https://www.airnow.gov ). The major components of PAHs in Seoul and Denver were similar, and the average levels of PAHs during the winter season, according to the published data, are 16.1 ± 10.1ng/m 3 and 3.1 ± 0.4 ng/m 3 in Seoul and Denver, respectively ( 30 – 32 ). This shows that the levels of PM 2.5 and PAHs were about 5 times higher in Seoul, Korea, as compared with Denver, Colorado, USA.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 57%

Particulate matter causes skin barrier dysfunction

et al. 2021

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The molecular mechanisms that underlie the detrimental effects of particulate matter (PM) on skin barrier function are poorly understood. In this study, the effects of PM2.5 on filaggrin (FLG) and skin barrier function were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The levels of FLG degradation products including pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, urocanic acid (UCA), and cis/trans UCA were significantly decreased in skin tape stripping samples of study subjects when they moved from Denver, an area with low PM2.5, to Seoul, an area with high PM2.5 count. Experimentally, PM2.5 collected in Seoul inhibited FLG, loricrin, keratin-1, desmocollin-1, and corneodesmosin, but did not modulate involucrin or claudin-1 in keratinocyte cultures. Moreover, FLG protein expression was inhibited in human skin equivalents and murine skin treated with PM2.5. We demonstrate that this process was mediated by PM2.5-induced TNF-alpha and was aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent. PM2.5 exposure compromised skin barrier function, resulting in increased transepidermal water loss and enhanced the penetration of FITC-dextran in organotypic and mouse skin. PM2.5-induced TNF-alpha causes FLG deficiency in the skin and subsequently induces skin barrier dysfunction. Compromised skin barrier due to PM2.5 exposure may contribute to the development and the exacerbation of allergic diseases such as AD.

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“…There are many kinds of PAH isomers, which are greatly affected by different combustion types and conditions [ 44 ]. The common method for source apportionment of PAHs is the use of ratios, which is simple and widely used [ 20 , 39 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ]. Although the source apportionment of PAHs based on PAH isomer ratios may have certain limitations [ 53 ], the ranges of characteristic ratios for biomass (straw, wood, and shrub combustion, etc.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Characteristics of Atmospheric PM10 and PM2.5 at a Rural Site of Lijiang City, China

Liu

Wang

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Emissions from biomass burning are very serious in Southeast Asia and South Asia in April. In order to explore the effect of long-range transport of biomass emissions from the Indochina Peninsula in Southwest China during the period of the southeast monsoon season and to find out the main pollution sources in local atmospheric PM2.5, a field campaign was conducted from 6–26 April 2011 in Lijiang, China. Twenty-four-hour PM10 and PM2.5 filter samples were collected, and inorganic ions, elements, and carbonaceous components (including organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs)) were measured. The monthly mean mass concentrations of particulate matter (PM) were 40.4 and 14.4 μg/m3 for PM10 and PM2.5, respectively. The monthly mean concentrations of OC and EC in PM10 were 6.2 and 1.6 μg/m3, respectively. The weekly mean concentrations of ∑PAHs and ∑NPAHs were 11.9 ng/m3 and 289 pg/m3, respectively, in atmospheric PM10 of Lijiang. The diagnostic ratios of PAH and NPAH isomers were used to analyze the sources of PAHs and NPAHs in PM10. The ratios of Benz(a)anthracene/(Chrysene+Benz(a)anthracen), Fluoranthene/(Fluoranthene+Pyrene) and Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene/(Benzo(g,h,i)perylene+Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene) were 0.45 ± 0.04, 0.61 ± 0.01, and 0.53 ± 0.03, respectively, indicating the contribution from coal combustion and biomass burning. The 1-nitropyrene/Pyrene (1-NP/Pyr) ratio was 0.004 ± 0.001, suggesting that the contribution to NPAHs mainly came from coal combustion. Sulfate was the most prominent inorganic ionic species, with monthly mean levels of 2.28 and 1.39 μg/m3 in PM10 and PM2.5, respectively. The monthly mean mass ratios of NO3−/SO42− were 0.40 and 0.23 in PM10 and PM2.5, respectively, indicating that the contribution of atmospheric anions from coal combustion sources was much more important than that from other sources. Based on the relatively high SO42− concentrations and low NO3−/SO42− ratios, combined with the data analysis of isomer ratios of PAHs and NPAHs, we can conclude that coal combustion, traffic, and dust were the major contributors to local atmospheric PM in Lijiang city, while biomass burning may also have contributed to local atmospheric PM in Lijiang city to some degree.

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Recent Occurrence of PAHs and n-Alkanes in PM2.5 in Seoul, Korea and Characteristics of Their Sources and Toxicity

Cited by 30 publications

References 47 publications

Health effects of PM2.5 constituents and source contributions in major metropolitan cities, South Korea

Health effects of PM2.5 constituents and source contributions in major metropolitan cities, South Korea

Particulate matter causes skin barrier dysfunction

Chemical Characteristics of Atmospheric PM10 and PM2.5 at a Rural Site of Lijiang City, China

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