Sea level trend and variability in the Singapore Strait

Tkalich, Pavel; Vethamony, P.; Luu, Quang-Hung; Babu, M.T.

doi:10.5194/os-9-293-2013

Cited by 43 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(44 reference statements)

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“…In the SCS, the interannual variability of mean sea level (MSL) exhibits a strong signature of ENSO due to intrusion of the Kuroshio Current through the Luzon Strait, coupled with atmospheric teleconnection (Qu et al, 2004;Wang et al, 2006;Cheng and Qi, 2007;Rong et al, 2007;Chen et al, 2012;Tkalich et al, 2013;Peng et al, 2013;Nidheesh et al, 2013). The correlation with ENSO becomes stronger towards the southern part of the SCS (Rong et al, 2007;Peng et al, 2013).…”

Section: Q H Luu Et Al: Sea Level Trend and Variability Around Penmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is not a surprise that interannual SLAs around Peninsular Malaysia are greatly affected by ENSO. In the Singapore Strait, SLAs derived from tide gauge records are highly correlated (−0.7) with the multivariate ENSO index (MEI), with falls and rises of mean sea level associated with El Niño and La Niña episodes being on the order of ± 5 cm (Tkalich et al, 2013). In the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea adjacent to the west coast of the peninsula, the range of anomalies accompanying ENSO is ± 15 cm (Aparna et al, 2012;Sreenivas et al, 2012).…”

Section: Q H Luu Et Al: Sea Level Trend and Variability Around Penmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Along the east coast of the peninsula, positive seasonal sea level anomalies (SLAs) are induced by wind shear during the north-east (NE) monsoon (boreal winter), whilst negative anomalies are caused by the south-west (SW) monsoon (boreal summer; Chen et al, 2012). At the intermediate area represented by Singapore Strait, the seasonal SLA caused by the monsoonal wind may reach ± 20 cm (Tkalich et al, 2013).…”

Section: Q H Luu Et Al: Sea Level Trend and Variability Around Penmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sea level trends in areas adjacent to Peninsular Malaysia have been analyzed previously, including the Gulf of Thailand (Trisirisatayawong et al, 2011), the Singapore Strait (Tkalich et al, 2013), the SCS (Peng et al, 2013) and the Indian Ocean (Palanisamy et al, 2014). In the Gulf of Thailand (east of the peninsula), the sea level rise rate 3.0 ± 1.5 mm yr −1 during the period 1940-2004 was derived by Trisirisatayawong et al (2011) combining tide gauge data and vertical land movement (VLM) correction.…”

Section: Q H Luu Et Al: Sea Level Trend and Variability Around Penmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the North Pacific and Indian oceans, regional patterns of interannual sea level variability are modulated by ENSO, the North Pacific Decadal Oscillation (Trenberth and Hurrell, 1994;Church et al, 2004;Becker et al, 2012;Tkalich et al, 2013), the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, easterly trade winds (Merrifield, 2011) and the Walker cell (L'Heureux et al, 2013). For instance, the latest studies (Qiu and Chen, 2011;L'Heureux et al, 2013) suggest that the Walker cell recently strengthened, resulting in a mean sea level rise along the western tropical Pacific coasts at a rate of 30 mm yr −1 for the period 1993-2001 Becker et al, 2012).…”

Section: Q H Luu Et Al: Sea Level Trend and Variability Around Penmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sea level trend and variability around Peninsular Malaysia

2015

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Abstract. Sea level rise due to climate change is nonuniform globally, necessitating regional estimates. Peninsular Malaysia is located in the middle of Southeast Asia, bounded from the west by the Malacca Strait, from the east by the South China Sea (SCS), and from the south by the Singapore Strait. The sea level along the peninsula may be influenced by various regional phenomena native to the adjacent parts of the Indian and Pacific oceans. To examine the variability and trend of sea level around the peninsula, tide gauge records and satellite altimetry are analyzed taking into account vertical land movements (VLMs). At annual scale, sea level anomalies (SLAs) around Peninsular Malaysia on the order of 5-25 cm are mainly monsoon driven. Sea levels at eastern and western coasts respond differently to the Asian monsoon: two peaks per year in the Malacca Strait due to South Asian-Indian monsoon; an annual cycle in the remaining region mostly due to the East Asian-western Pacific monsoon. At interannual scale, regional sea level variability in the range of ±6 cm is correlated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). SLAs in the Malacca Strait side are further correlated with the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) in the range of ± 5 cm. Interannual regional sea level falls are associated with El Niño events and positive phases of IOD, whilst rises are correlated with La Niña episodes and negative values of the IOD index. At seasonal to interannual scales, we observe the separation of the sea level patterns in the Singapore Strait, between the Raffles Lighthouse and Tanjong Pagar tide stations, likely caused by a dynamic constriction in the narrowest part.During the observation period 1986-2013, average relative rates of sea level rise derived from tide gauges in Malacca Strait and along the east coast of the peninsula are 3.6 ± 1.6 and 3.7 ± 1.1 mm yr −1 , respectively. Correcting for respective VLMs (0.8 ± 2.6 and 0.9 ± 2.2 mm yr −1 ), their corresponding geocentric sea level rise rates are estimated at 4.4 ± 3.1 and 4.6 ± 2.5 mm yr −1 . The geocentric rates are about 25 % faster than those measured at tide gauges around the peninsula; however, the level of uncertainty associated with VLM data is relatively high. For the common period between 1993 and 2009, geocentric sea level rise values along the Malaysian coast are similar from tide gauge records and satellite altimetry (3.1 and 2.7 mm yr −1 , respectively), and arguably correspond to the global trend.

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Section: Q H Luu Et Al: Sea Level Trend and Variability Around Penmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Q H Luu Et Al: Sea Level Trend and Variability Around Penmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Q H Luu Et Al: Sea Level Trend and Variability Around Penmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Q H Luu Et Al: Sea Level Trend and Variability Around Penmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Q H Luu Et Al: Sea Level Trend and Variability Around Penmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sea level trend and variability around Peninsular Malaysia

2015

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The seasonal cycle and variability of sea level in the South China Sea

et al. 2015

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The spatial and temporal characteristics of the seasonal sea level cycle in the South China Sea (SCS) and its forcing mechanisms are investigated using tide gauge records and satellite altimetry observations along with steric and meteorological data. The coastal mean annual amplitude of the seasonal cycle varies between zero and 24 cm, reaching a maximum between July and January. The maximum mean semiannual amplitude is 7 cm, peaking between March and June. Along the coast, the seasonal cycle accounts for up to 92% of the mean monthly sea level variability. Atmospheric pressure explains a significant portion of the seasonal cycle with dominant annual signals in the northern SCS, the Gulf of Thailand and the north‐western Philippines Sea. The wind forcing is dominant on the shelf areas of the SCS and the Gulf of Thailand where a simple barotropic model forced by the local wind shows annual amplitudes of up to 27 cm. In the deep basin of the SCS, the Philippines Sea and the shallow Malacca Strait, the steric component is the major contributor with the maximum annual amplitudes reaching 15 cm. Significant variability in the seasonal cycle is found on a year‐to‐year basis. The annual and semiannual amplitudes vary by up to 63% and 45% of the maximum values, 15 cm and 11 cm, respectively. On average, stepwise regression analysis of contribution of different forcing factors accounts for 66% of the temporal variability of the annual cycle. The zonal wind was found to exert considerable influence in the Malacca Strait.

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