The seasonal cycle and variability of sea level in the <scp>S</scp>outh <scp>C</scp>hina <scp>S</scp>ea

Amiruddin, Abd Muhaimin; Haigh, Ivan D.; Tsimplis, Michael; Calafat, Francesc; Dangendorf, Sönke

doi:10.1002/2015jc010923

Cited by 50 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The stability of the seasonal sea level cycle with time has also been studied for a few regions where long‐term tide gauge records exist. The annual cycle amplitude was found to exhibit decadal variations between 1 and 20 cm in the European coasts [ Plag and Tsimplis , ; Barbosa et al ., ; Hünicke and Zorita , ; Dangendorf et al ., ], the Mediterranean Sea [ Marcos and Tsimplis , ], the Caribbean Sea [ Torres and Tsimplis , ], and the South China Sea [ Amiruddin et al ., ]. Interestingly, the annual cycle amplitude along the U.S. Gulf coast was recently reported to have increased by 20–30% since 1990s, and the sea surface air temperature was argued as an indicator for the increase [ Wahl et al ., ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and temporal variations of the seasonal sea level cycle in the northwest Pacific

et al. 2015

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The seasonal sea level variations observed from tide gauges over 1900–2013 and gridded satellite altimeter product AVISO over 1993–2013 in the northwest Pacific have been explored. The seasonal cycle is able to explain 60–90% of monthly sea level variance in the marginal seas, while it explains less than 20% of variance in the eddy‐rich regions. The maximum annual and semiannual sea level cycles (30 and 6 cm) are observed in the north of the East China Sea and the west of the South China Sea, respectively. AVISO was found to underestimate the annual amplitude by 25% compared to tide gauge estimates along the coasts of China and Russia. The forcing for the seasonal sea level cycle was identified. The atmospheric pressure and the steric height produce 8–12 cm of the annual cycle in the middle continental shelf and in the Kuroshio Current regions separately. The removal of the two attributors from total sea level permits to identify the sea level residuals that still show significant seasonality in the marginal seas. Both nearby wind stress and surface currents can explain well the long‐term variability of the seasonal sea level cycle in the marginal seas and the tropics because of their influence on the sea level residuals. Interestingly, the surface currents are a better descriptor in the areas where the ocean currents are known to be strong. Here, they explain 50–90% of interannual variability due to the strong links between the steric height and the large‐scale ocean currents.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and temporal variations of the seasonal sea level cycle in the northwest Pacific

et al. 2015

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“…The combined time series is referred to as GTSR‐ST. The steric sea levels ( η s ) are computed from temperature ( T ) and salinity ( S ) data profiles by using the following formula (Amiruddin et al, ):

η_{s} = - \frac{1}{ρ_{s}} \int_{- H}^{0} ρ^{'} ((),, T, S) normald z

where ρ s is the reference density, H is the reference depth, ρ ′ is the density deviation with respect to the time average of the in situ density, and z is the depth. The reference depth is 800 m. We use monthly means of global gridded temperature and salinity data from Ishii and Kimoto ().…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The combined time series is referred to as GTSR-ST. The steric sea levels (η s ) are computed from temperature (T) and salinity (S) data profiles by using the following formula (Amiruddin et al, 2015):…”

Section: Extreme Sea Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation on Global Coastal Flooding

et al. 2018

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Anomalous atmosphere‐ocean conditions in the tropical Pacific associated with the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) drive interannual variations in mean and extreme sea levels. Climate change may lead to more frequent extreme ENSO events in the future. Therefore, it is important to enhance our understanding of ENSO's influence on coastal flood impacts. We assessed ENSO's influence on extreme sea levels using a global reanalysis of tides and storm surges. This allows for a full coverage of the global coastline from 1979 to 2014. A mean sea level component is added to account for steric effects. This results in a substantial improvement in the representation of the seasonal and interannual variability. Our results show significant correlations across the Pacific between ENSO and extreme sea levels (expressed as 95th annual percentiles), which is consistent with previous studies based on tide gauge observations. Average anomalies in the annual percentiles over El Niño years compared to neutral years show similar patterns. When examining total sea levels, results are largely statistically insignificant. This is because in many regions large tidal variability dominates over the other components. Combining sea levels with an inundation and impact model shows that ENSO has a significant but small effect on the number of people potentially exposed to flooding at the globally aggregated scale. Our results demonstrate that a model‐based approach allows for an assessment of the influence of ENSO on coastal flood impacts and could be used to assess impacts of future changes in ENSO.

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“…Despite this great interest, very few studies have been conducted to investigate the local sea level trend around this deltaic region. Most studies rather focus on a wider scale (e.g., Amiruddin et al, 2015;Feng et al, 2015;Dangendorf et al, 2014;Wei et al, 2010) or on nearby regions (e.g., Luu et al, 2015;Suriyan and Tal, 2014;Sojisuporn et al, 2013). In this study, the inter-decadal and seasonal trends as well as the spatial distribution of the sea level along the Mekong Delta coast were investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatio-temporal variations of sea level around the Mekong Delta: their causes and consequences on the coastal environment

Hak

Nadaoka

Bernado

et al. 2016

Hydrological Research Letters

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This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of sea level variations around the Mekong Delta, and their causes and consequences on the environment, based on the tidal records from several stations. The results of the analysis revealed significant spatio-temporal sea level variations along the delta coast. Tidal fluctuations showed their local peaks around the river mouth with shallow bottom areas. The prevailing winds were identified as the factor governing the remarkable seasonal variability of the mean sea levels along the southern coast of the delta. From 1985 to 2010, the relative sea level along the southern coast of the delta rose by about 3.3 mm y -1 . This rate of rise combined with the effect of land subsidence renders the Mekong Delta alarmingly susceptible to frequent inundation. Moreover, the immediate impacts, including saline intrusion and occasional inundation due to seasonal sea level fluctuation, are also found to be critical and require urgent attention. These findings suggest the need to revise coastal management strategies to prioritize the immediate effects of short-term sea level fluctuations and to increase the focus on local management issues such as groundwater pumping causing land subsidence and local sea level trends in addition to the global threats.

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The seasonal cycle and variability of sea level in the South China Sea

Cited by 50 publications

References 48 publications

Spatial and temporal variations of the seasonal sea level cycle in the northwest Pacific

Spatial and temporal variations of the seasonal sea level cycle in the northwest Pacific

Influence of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation on Global Coastal Flooding

Spatio-temporal variations of sea level around the Mekong Delta: their causes and consequences on the coastal environment

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