Sea Cucumber Farming in Japan

Polyculture of Juvenile Dog Conch Laevistrombus canarium Reveals High Potentiality in Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture (IMTA)

“…Similar results were found in benthic juveniles; however, they exhibited increased tolerance to lower salinity levels (20‰) ( Table 1 ). The suitable salinity level for juvenile dog conch is between 20 and 35‰, indicating a wide range that is similar or better than those for sea urchins and sea cucumbers [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. It means that the flow-water method from aquaculture ponds to provide early food sources for L. canarium has practical potential, even the salinity of the land-based ponds being more susceptible than natural seawater.…”

“…In IMTA, one kind of polyculture method, the uneaten feed and waste of one species are collected and converted into feed, fertilizer, and energy for another species [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. For example, large organic solids are generated from feed waste or feces and can be consumed by deposit feeders such as sea urchins and sea cucumbers [ 32 , 38 , 39 ]. Although sea urchins and sea cucumbers are favorable IMTA species, they have mainly been used in marine cages.…”

“…Although sea urchins and sea cucumbers are favorable IMTA species, they have mainly been used in marine cages. Some land-based saltwater aquaculture techniques (e.g., earth ponds) are unsuitable for sea urchins and sea cucumbers [ 31 , 32 , 37 ]. In this study, the polyculture and the water-flow method show high benefits in L. canarium production.…”

¿Hacia dónde va la acuicultura de equinodermos en América Latina? Potencial, retos y oportunidades.

“…Por su parte, China, además de ser el principal consumidor e importador de pepinos de mar, también es el principal productor (Chen & Chang, 2015;Katow, Okumura, Sakai, & Shibuya, 2015;Tuwo & Tresnati, 2015). En granjas acuícolas se han producido 200 millones ton al año (equivalente a casi US$ 4 millones al 2010, cantidad que no es suficiente para abastecer la alta demanda del mercado, y por ello, han recurrido a la compra de pepinos de mar de otros países.…”

“…Por ejemplo, A. japonicus es 85-95 % de humedad, 3-6 % proteínas, 2-4 %, carbohidratos (0.2-0.4 %) y lípidos (0.2-0.4 %) (Saito, Kunisaki, Urano, & Kimura, 2002). Las especies cultivadas para producción de ingredientes para cosmética y medicinas, tenemos: Parastichopus nigripunctatus, Cucumaria japónica, Bohadschia argus, Stichopus chloronotus, Holothuria (Halodeima) atra, H. scabra y Thelenota ananas (Katow, Okumura, Sakai, & Shibuya, 2015) en Japón; Stichopus japonicus (Zhou et al, 2006) y H. leucospilota (Yu, Hu, Zhou, Li, & Peng, 2012) en China; H. scabra en India (James, Gandhi, Palaniswamy, & Rodrigo, 1994), en Islas Salomón (Battaglene, Seymour, & Ramofafia, 1999), en Vietnam (Pitt & Nguyen, 2004), en Australia (Giraspy & Ivy, 2005), y en Tailandia (Sithisak, Pongtippatee, & Withyachumnarnkul, 2013) (Rogers, 2018), Colombia (Gómez-León, López-Navarro, Benavides, Roa-Méndez, & Santos-Acevedo, 2015), y en Bermuda (Sarkis, 2015); Holothuria floridana en Panamá (Luis Felaco, com. pers., 2020) y Holothuria mexicana en México y Belice (Rogers, 2018), H. theeli en Ecuador (Sonnenholzner, 2019;Sonnenholzner, Moreira, & Panchana, 2019); Apostichopus parvimensis en México (Vela-Gallo, 2017), y Athyonidium chilensis en Chile (Guisado et al, 2012).…”