Scripting Over-The-Air: Towards Containers on Low-end Devices in the Internet of Things

Baccelli, Emmanuel; Doerr, Joerg; Kikuchi, Shinji; Padilla, Francisco Acosta; Schleiser, Kaspar; Thomas, Ian

doi:10.1109/percomw.2018.8480277

Cited by 23 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…On top of this, the example script requires 526 bytes for the run-time states and optimization. This can be compared to Baccelli et al [2], which reports a 12 kB RAM usage and 160 kB flash memory usage for their JavaScript Engine alone. Hence, WebAssembly is significantly more space efficient compared to JavaScript.…”

Section: Size Overheadmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Virtual Machine Execution for Wearables Based on WebAssembly

Jacobsson

Willén

2020

13th EAI International Conference on Body Area Networks

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Today, the programming of a complete wearable sensor system requires writing code in different programming languages for the different parts of the systems, such as the wearable sensor platform itself, the gateway, the back-end server, and the client app. In this paper, we propose to use WebAssembly, which is a simple but powerful virtual machine standard already supported by all major web browsers. We show that it is possible to implement a WebAssembly interpreter for embedded systems, such as the Texas Instruments CC2652R system-on-chip and this enables the same code to execute in all parts of the systems. In our proof-of-concept implementation, we use Bluetooth low energy, which means that smartphones can communicate with and program our device without the need for special hardware.

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Section: Size Overheadmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…However, there are many more, such as Duktape, MuJS, Tiny-JS, Jerryscript, MuJS, and Mongoose OS. Recently, Baccelli et al [2] implemented a JavaScript engine for embedded wireless sensor nodes based on CoAP [11]. However, complete implementations of JavaScript engines are usually still very large.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virtual Machine Execution for Wearables Based on WebAssembly

Jacobsson

Willén

2020

13th EAI International Conference on Body Area Networks

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“…Approaches using componentbased programming [65], [66] aim to simplify dynamic modification and reconfigurability of the system on constrained IoT devices by enforcing black-box-style interactions between system modules. Partial updates of software can also use scripts instead of binaries [17], whereby pieces of interpreted language (for example, Javascript) are updatable on devices. Yet another technique uses miniature virtual machines, such as Mate [41] or ReLog [65].…”

Section: A Embedded Software Design On Low-end Iot Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secure Firmware Updates for Constrained IoT Devices Using Open Standards: A Reality Check

et al. 2019

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While the IoT deployments multiply in a wide variety of verticals, the most IoT devices lack a built-in secure firmware update mechanism. Without such a mechanism, however, critical security vulnerabilities cannot be fixed, and the IoT devices can become a permanent liability, as demonstrated by recent large-scale attacks. In this paper, we survey open standards and open source libraries that provide useful building blocks for secure firmware updates for the constrained IoT devices-by which we mean lowpower, microcontroller-based devices such as networked sensors/actuators with a small amount of memory, among other constraints. We design and implement a prototype that leverages these building blocks and assess the security properties of this prototype. We present experimental results including first experiments with SUIT, a new IETF standard for secure IoT firmware updates. We evaluate the performance of our implementation on a variety of commercial off-the-shelf constrained IoT devices. We conclude that it is possible to create a secure, standards-compliant firmware update solution that uses the state-of-the-art security for the IoT devices with less than 32 kB of RAM and 128 kB of flash memory.

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“…Due to the run-time interpretation, scripts can be added or updated after deployment. Some well-known scripting languages like Python[23] and JavaScript [24] were already ported to embedded 330 devices. Despite this, they still require a substantial amount of memory and CPU overhead.…”

Section: Script Interpretersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling the energy consumption for over-the-air software updates in LPWAN networks: SigFox, LoRa and IEEE 802.15.4g

et al. 2018

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The recent trend towards the use of low-power wide-area-networks (LPWAN) communication technologies in the Internet of Things such as SigFox, Lora and Weightless gives rise to promising applications in smart grids, smart city, smart logistics, etc. where tens of thousands of sensors in a large area are connected to a single gateway. However, to manage such a sheer number of deployed devices, solutions to provide over-the-air firmware updates are required. This paper analyses the feasibility of over-the-air (partial) software updates for three LPWAN technologies (LoRa,) and discusses the best suited update method for different scenarios: full system updates, application updates and network stack updates.The results indicate that full firmware upgrades consume a substantial amount of energy, especially for the lowest bit-rate LPWAN technologies such as SigFox which drains a single AA battery with 2% when performing a version update.However, technologies with a similar range (i.e. LoRa SF12) require only 0.12%.The trade-off between range and energy (or bit-rate) becomes clear when considering that the least sensitive technology (IEEE-802.15.4g-OFDM) consumes only 0.0001%. Partial updates require significantly less energy for all technolo- * Corresponding author Preprint submitted to Journal of Internet of Things September 19, 2018 gies. Adding a single application uses 6 to 38 times less energy compared to a firmware update, depending on the update method and LPWAN technology. Even partial network stack updates (i.e. MAC) cost 3 to 8 times less energy, making over-the-air updates feasible. Keywords: LPWAN; Internet-of-Things; partial over-the-air software updates; network management; SigFox; LoRa; IEEE-802.15.4g 1. Introduction In recent years low-power wide-area-networks (LPWAN) such as NB-IoT LoRa, SigFox and IEEE-802.15.4g gained increasing interest from industry and the scientific community in fields related to the Internet-of-Things (IoT). The promise of providing large coverage for low power devices is a key enabler for 5 many use cases in application domains such as smart grids, smart city, smart logistics, etc. because a single LPWAN gateway can serve thousands of sensors within a range of several kilometres. To this end, most LPWANs operate in the sub-1 GHz frequency bands and therefore experience less attenuation and multipath fading.10Although the increased range of LPWAN technologies is appealing for many use cases, LPWAN technologies also have disadvantages. (i) Firstly, they achieve a longer range by using more energy per transmitted bit. The coverage of LP-WAN devices is increased by using a lower modulation rate, effectively putting more energy in each transmitted bit (or symbol), thereby resulting in a higher 15 link budget. (ii) Secondly, low power operation is achieved by using a simple star topology, applying an ultra low radio duty cycle, and using a simple, non-synchronised lightweight medium access control protocol such as slotted aloha. As a result, most LPWAN devices only listen sporadica...

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Scripting Over-The-Air: Towards Containers on Low-end Devices in the Internet of Things

Cited by 23 publications

References 13 publications

Virtual Machine Execution for Wearables Based on WebAssembly

Virtual Machine Execution for Wearables Based on WebAssembly

Secure Firmware Updates for Constrained IoT Devices Using Open Standards: A Reality Check

Modelling the energy consumption for over-the-air software updates in LPWAN networks: SigFox, LoRa and IEEE 802.15.4g

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