Screening of fluoroquinolones in environmental waters using disk-based solid-phase extraction combined to microplate fluorimetric determination and LC-MS/MS

Abstract

Fluoroquinolones are in the order of the day concerning environmental contamination through anthropogenic activities, resulting in increased risk for antibiotic resistance dissemination. In this context, accessible, low-cost analytical methods are required for implementation of comprehensive surveillance and screening schemes. In this work, we propose a down-scaled disk-based solidphase extraction system from which the eluate can be first screened by miniaturized fluorimetric reading, followed by individual determination of target fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and enrofloxacin) by liquid chromatography combined to tandem mass spectrometry. The fluorimetric measurement is based on the intrinsic fluorescence of fluoroquinolones. Diskbased retention was performed after sample acidification (pH 4.0) by mixed-mode cation exchange using polystyrene divinylbenzene sulphonated sorbent. Sample loading was precisely controlled in a dedicated flow system operating at 4.0 mL min −1. Different eluent compositions were tested, with elution performed by 1.00 mL of methanol-ammonium hydroxide (98:2, v/v), with subsequent reading of eluate in both detectors. Quantification was attained for 2-25 µg L −1 range, with LOD values at 1 µg L −1. The proposed approach was successfully applied to estuarine waters from the Douro River, with comparable results to a conventional SPE-LC-MS/MS procedure.

Determination of Pharmaceuticals in Surface and Wastewater by Capillary Electrophoresis (CE): A Minireview

“…Researchers are now developing methods to efficiently detect and quantify active pharmaceuticals in surface and wastewaters. The most commonly used separation techniques involve preconcentration protocols such as solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Peixoto et al 2019;Sousa et al 2020;Beldean et al 2020;Li et al 2021), gas chromatographymass spectroscopy (GC-MS) (Gumbi et al 2017), and capillary electrophoresis (CE). CE has generated interest as a favorable analytical approach for pharmaceuticals in surface and wastewater due to its numerous advantages.…”