“… - Provider characteristics matter, with women preferring to be screened by a woman, of the same race, 30–50 years old, and with nobody else present 28
- A sense of trust, support, and nurturing matter 29
- Concerns about confidentiality are barriers 29
- Some women do not perceive childhood beatings as abuse, but as punishment 76
- Some feel it is not relevant to their care 31
- Stigma is a barrier, sometimes complicated by fear or perception of discrimination 32,77
- Previous negative response from a provider deters future disclosure (e.g., silence, expression of shock with no other reaction, doubt, or expressing the view that the abuse had no relevance to the current medical care) 33,34
- African American women exposed to interpersonal violence are significantly more likely to report using prayer as a coping strategy 78 and less likely to seek mental health counseling 78,79
- Women experiencing interpersonal violence who have medical insurance coverage are more likely to seek mental health treatment than those without 79
…”