Screening for Bioactive Compound Rich Pomegranate Peel Extracts and Their Antimicrobial Activities

Abstract

In this work, seven different extracts from pomegranate (Punica granatum L., cv. Hicaz nar) peel were prepared by using different solvents (ethanol, methanol, either alone or in combination with acid, acetone and water). The phenolics (punicalagins and ellagic acid), organic acids (citric acid and malic acid) and sugars of pomegranate peel extracts were determined. The highest amounts of punicalagins and ellagic acid were detected by ethanol-acid extract as 13.86% and 17.19% (w/v) respectively, whereas the lowest levels were obtained with acetone and water extracts. Moreover, the methanol-acid (3.19% malic acid) and ethanol-acid (1.13% citric acid) extracts contained the highest levels of organic acids. The antimicrobial activities of extracts were investigated by agar well diffusion method. Methanol-acid and ethanol-acid extracts exhibited the highest antimicrobial effects on all tested microorganisms, giving inhibition zones ranging in size from 17 to 36 mm. Although similar antimicrobial activities were observed by ethanol, methanol, and acetone extracts (up to 24 mm), the lowest antimicrobial activities were attained by water extract (0-15 mm). All extracts were generally more effective against Gram-positive bacteria: Enterococcus facealis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus than Gram-negative ones: Escherichia coli and Enterobacter aerogenes. It was shown that extracts from pomegranate peels represent a good source of bioactive compounds.

Enhancing or Inhibitory Effect of Fruit or Vegetable Bioactive Compound on Aspergillus niger and A. oryzae

“…In this study, 10 different bioactive compounds were investigated regarding their effect on filamentous fungi, particularly Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger. These compounds exist in variety of fruits, such as citrus, mango, cashew apple, peach, pomegranate, apple, plum, redbeet (beetroot), pitahaya, grape, and various types of berries [8,25,[45][46][47][48]. The concentration range used in this study was 0-240 mg/L, based on concentration range 0.006-248 mg/kg found in fruit-processing residues in literature.…”

“…The high moisture content of the material decreases the life span and limits its applications since it can easily degrade [2]. Therefore, there are various studies on the valorization of FPW, e.g., biodegradable packaging material [5], biocomposite [6], bioactive compound extraction [7,8], biogas production, ethanol production, etc. The material can be valorized through microorganisms that have the ability to secrete diverse enzymes, i.e., filamentous fungi.…”

Antibiofilm effects of pomegranate peel extracts against B. cereus, B. subtilis, and E. faecalis

“…In the previous study, PPL5s yielded higher total phenolic compounds (13.8% punicalagin and 17.2% ellagic acid) (Balaban et al ., 2020) than obtained with PPL10s (4.7% punicalagin and 4.4% ellagic acid) using the ethanol‐acid extraction method used in this study. In addition, the total amount of phenolic compounds were increased by methanol‐acid extraction (about 21%) (Balaban et al ., 2020) when PPL10s were used (Table 1). Therefore, the solvent type and the initial solid/liquid ratio can affect the yield of extractable compounds (Pinelo et al ., 2004; Türkyılmaz et al ., 2017).…”

“…Acid addition during extraction can be important to increase the organic acid contents of extracts. The results obtained by PPL5s were found to be similar to our previous study (Balaban et al ., 2020). Organic acids are generally recognised as safe by US‐FDA (United States Food and Drug Administration) and have antimicrobial effects on microorganisms (Akbas & Ölmez, 2007).…”

“…Balaban et al, 2020; The article investigated and compared the antimicrobial effects of different pomegranate extracts against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus uberis, Enterobacter aerogenes and Candida albicans. It was shown that the highest antimicrobial activities were obtained by methanol-acid and ethanol-acid extracts.The authors suggested that the components of pomegranate extracts (ellagic acid and punicalagin) could represent good sources of bioactive compounds.Reference 3.Türkyılmaz, 2013; …”