Screen-printed palladium electroanalytical sensors

Forensic electrochemistry: indirect electrochemical sensing of the components of the new psychoactive substance “Synthacaine”

“…10,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] For the case of each fabricated electrode, first a carbon ink formulation (Product Code: C2000802P2; Gwent Electronic Materials Ltd, UK), which is utilized for the efficient connection of all three electrodes and as the electrode material for both the working and counter electrodes, was screenprinted onto a polyester (Autostat, 250 micron thickness) flexible film. The screen-printed graphite electrodes were fabricated inhouse with appropriate stencil designs using a microDEK 1760RS screen-printing machine (DEK, Weymouth, UK).…”

Detection and quantification of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) within the evolved “legal high” product, NRG-2, using high performance liquid chromatography-amperometric detection (HPLC-AD)

“…2,3 Since the legislative change, a number of evolved New Psychoactive Substance products, such as NRG-1 (naphyrone) and NRG-2 (Scheme 1), which are advertised to contain legal cathinone substitutes, have become widely available. 5,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Our previous work on the development of robust electrochemical methods for the sensing of the synthetic cathinones, mephedrone (2a) and 4-MEC (2b), either in their pure form 5 (LOD = 39.8-84.2 μg mL −1 ), using electroanalytical oxidation, or in the presence of common adulterants 15 (i.e. 3,4 Although many groups have reported analytical methods and structural data for many cathinone-derivatives, 3,5 including those found in samples of NRG-2, the prevalence of novel cathinones (especially 4-MMC 2,6 and 4-MEC 3,7 ) both as pure materials or within blended "legal high" products, continue to pose legal and analytical challenges in the rapid detection of these sub-stances by law enforcement, medical and customs officialsespecially as many of the current methods of field tests are unable to reliably discern individual components with a mixture of compounds.…”

Back‐to‐Back Screen‐Printed Electroanalytical Sensors: Extending the Potential Applications of the Simplistic Design

“…

[a] 1IntroductionOver recentd ecades the utilisationo fscreen-printed derived electrochemical sensorsh ave modernised the field of electroanalysis,w ith their ability to bridge the gap between laboratory experiments and in-field applications [1][2][3][4][5][6].T he incorporationo fs creen-printed electrodes has allowed scientists to take their knowledge and theoretical interpretations and place it into ad evice that possess great scales of economy allowing for simple,i nexpensive disposable electrochemical platforms [1,[7][8][9].T hrough carefuls elections of screen-printing inks and designs, unique sensors can be produced with different geometries such as screen-printed arrays [10][11][12][13],r ecessed electrodes [14] and microbands [15,16].I na ddition to this,t he ease of the mass production of screen-printed sensors enables their use as one-shot sensors, allowing possible contamination to be avoided, and alleviates the need for electrode pre-treatment as is the case for solid electrodes prior to theiru se [1,13,[17][18][19].Screen-printing technologies can be readily adapted to create sensors that can contain beneficial electrode materials such as carbon nanotubes whichh ave au seful geometric structure that provides the enhanced sensing of capsaicin [20] and the cobalt pthalocyanine mediator which has shown electrocatalytic signals towards hydrazine [21].A dditionally upon carefuls election of the screen-printing inks,s ensors can be readily produced containing metallic compoundss uch as palladium [19] Recently the concept of the back-to-back screen-printed graphite electrodec onfiguration has been introduced for the first timew hereathree-electrode system is printed upon both sides of ap olyester substrate,a sp resented in Figure 1[ 24].T his novel electrochemical sensor has been demonstrated to be usefulf or the electroanalytical sensing of NADH and nitritee xhibiting at wo-fold increase in the analytical sensitivity,a dditionally with improvements in the limit of detection [ 24].I nt his paper we build upon such report of the back-to-back electrode configuration

…”

“…Screen-printing technologies can be readily adapted to create sensors that can contain beneficial electrode materials such as carbon nanotubes whichh ave au seful geometric structure that provides the enhanced sensing of capsaicin [20] and the cobalt pthalocyanine mediator which has shown electrocatalytic signals towards hydrazine [21].A dditionally upon carefuls election of the screen-printing inks,s ensors can be readily produced containing metallic compoundss uch as palladium [19] Recently the concept of the back-to-back screen-printed graphite electrodec onfiguration has been introduced for the first timew hereathree-electrode system is printed upon both sides of ap olyester substrate,a sp resented in Figure 1[ 24].T his novel electrochemical sensor has been demonstrated to be usefulf or the electroanalytical sensing of NADH and nitritee xhibiting at wo-fold increase in the analytical sensitivity,a dditionally with improvements in the limit of detection [ 24].I nt his paper we build upon such report of the back-to-back electrode configuration [24] and extend this concept to the electroanalyticald etection of dopamine and capsaicin using as ingle walled carbon nanotube (CNT)b ack-to-back sensor and ac obalt phthalocyanine (CoPC)m ediated bulk modified back-to back sensor for the electrocatalytic detectiono fhydrazine for the first time.…”