Forensic electrochemistry: indirect electrochemical sensing of the components of the new psychoactive substance “Synthacaine”

Cumba, Loanda R.; Kolliopoulos, Athanasios; Smith, Jamie P.; Thompson, Paul D.; Evans, P. R.; Sutcliffe, Oliver B.; Carmo, Devaney Ribeiro do; Banks, Craig E.

doi:10.1039/c5an00858a

Cited by 27 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…On the other hand, electrochemical techniques offer some advantages such as simplicity, low‐cost analytical instrumentation, short analysis time and have been successfully adopted for cocaine and adulterants analysis. Electrochemical investigation of the voltammetric determination of cocaine and common adulterants was investigated employing different working electrodes, such as: boron‐doped diamond electrode , screen‐printed electrodes modified with multiwalled carbon nanotubes , unmodified graphite , glassy carbon electrode modified with Schiff bases , and platinum electrode modified with cobalt hexacyanoferrate films . Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) has appeared as a promising material for the development of electrochemical sensors due to higher conductivity and electrocatalytic properties .…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide for Forensic Electrochemistry: Detection of Cocaine and its Adulterants Paracetamol, Caffeine and Levamisole

et al. 2017

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This communication shows the improved performance of electrochemically‐reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) modified electrodes for the square‐wave voltammetric detection of cocaine (COC) and its main adulterants paracetamol (PAR), caffeine (CAF) and levamisole (LEV). The four compounds can be identified in a single voltammetric scan on the ERGO‐modified electrode with adequate resolution of peaks and increase in current (at least 2‐fold) in comparison with the unmodified electrode. Moreover, electrode fouling typically verified during the oxidation of CAF and LEV is eliminated. CAF and PAR were determined in a real COC sample and satisfactory recovery values were obtained (103 and 85 %, respectively).

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide for Forensic Electrochemistry: Detection of Cocaine and its Adulterants Paracetamol, Caffeine and Levamisole

et al. 2017

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“…Recent laboratory tests proved that electrochemical analysis could determine the presence of subgroups of SC, including the indole and indazole based compounds. 12 STS-135 and 5F-ADB-PINACA (structures shown in Figure 1) are among those compounds that can be detected through electrochemistry. For this contribution we evaluate the use of voltammetric methods as a screening method for these compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Voltammetry as a rapid screening method for NPS identification

Ameen

Russell

Dennany

2020

Emerging Imaging and Sensing Technologies for Security and Defence V; And Advanced Manufacturing Technologies for Micro- And Na

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Designer drugs, also commonly known as new psychoactive substances (NPS), are increasingly in their prevalence and a challenge to toxicologists and forensic chemists. Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are among the largest group of NPS that have emerged in the illicit drug market all over the world. SCs may consist of different chemicals prepared in laboratories and herbal mixtures that said to be incense and not-for-human-consumption. The main aim of this paper is to investigate the use of electrochemical based methods for screening some of the emerging types of SC. More specifically, the paper takes electrochemistry approach called voltammetry to perform the detection and analysis of SCs whereby the main subjects for screening include STS-135 and 5F-ADB-PINACA. The expected result is that those compounds that belong to the same class should indicate almost similar behaviour to help achieve its objective, the paper reviews a number of recent publications relating to forensic drug analysis and much attention to electrochemical sensor methods.

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“…GC with infrared spectroscopy (GC‐IRD) has recently been used to analyse new psychoactive substances and enabled differentiation between regioisomers of methamphetamine, piperazines, phenethylamines and cathinones . Furthermore, electrochemistry techniques offer a rapid yet very selective alternative for the detection of psychoactive substances and have been proven particularly useful in the analysis of new psychoactive substances, either using electrochemical sensors on their own or paired with chromatography …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microcrystalline testing used in combination with Raman micro‐spectroscopy for absolute identification of novel psychoactive substances

Elie

Cave

et al. 2016

J Raman Spectroscopy

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Two new psychoactive substances, namely 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone) and 5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane (MDAI) were analysed with a novel combination of microcrystalline tests followed by Raman micro-spectroscopy to facilitate their absolute identification. The discrimination power of the proposed combination was successfully demonstrated through the analysis of the positional isomers 2-and 3-methylmethcathinone. The addition of mercury dichloride as a microcrystalline test reagent produced specific microcrystals of each tested analyte. The robustness of the method was evaluated in the presence of common cutting agents (caffeine and benzocaine) as well as on street samples. The crystal lattice structures of mephedrone, 2-methylmethcathinone and MDAI mercury dichloride microcrystals were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. This confirmed the presence of both drug and reagent together in the lattice and accounts for the distinct habit of the observed microcrystals. Raman spectra of the formed microcrystals differed from those obtained from their standard salt form by loss and/or gain of some vibrational modes. Particularly important was the appearance of the mercury chloride link to each tested drug molecule which showed as strong bands at low wavenumbers. Its presence was corroborated by its detection in the crystal lattice. It was therefore concluded that microcrystalline testing followed by Raman micro-spectroscopy satisfies the technique combination requirement for psychoactive substances recommended by the Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Seized Drugs (SWGDRUG) and provides a rapid and cheap analysis route. The proposed technique combination also aids the development of new microcrystalline tests as it allows for confirmation of the uniqueness of the developed microcrystals almost in-situ rather than growing single crystals for often long periods of time needed for single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.2

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Forensic electrochemistry: indirect electrochemical sensing of the components of the new psychoactive substance “Synthacaine”

Cited by 27 publications

References 27 publications

Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide for Forensic Electrochemistry: Detection of Cocaine and its Adulterants Paracetamol, Caffeine and Levamisole

Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide for Forensic Electrochemistry: Detection of Cocaine and its Adulterants Paracetamol, Caffeine and Levamisole

Voltammetry as a rapid screening method for NPS identification

Microcrystalline testing used in combination with Raman micro‐spectroscopy for absolute identification of novel psychoactive substances

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