“…In the past, photoanodes were improvised using nano-architectures, [3][4][5] light scattering layer, 6,7 composite with another semiconductor [8][9][10] or graphene, 11,12 doping, [13][14][15] interfacial engineering 16,17 and TiCl 4 post-treatment methods. 18,19 For instance, various nanoforms of ZnO was used as cascading co-sensitized nanomaterial which enhanced the efficiency of dye sensitized solar cells 20,21 and Vanadium doped TiO 2 is used to fabricate the working electrode in a DSSCs by layer-by-layer method was explored a remarkable performance compared to bare TiO 2 particles 22 .…”