High‐performance fabricated nano‐adsorbents as emerging approach for removal of mycotoxins: a review

Abstract

Summary Mycotoxins are highly toxic secondary metabolites produced by food‐borne fungi that can contaminate food and feed. The occurrence of mycotoxins in contaminated foodstuff can lead to serious health risks for both humans and animals, and this has attracted research interest in developing novel approaches to decontaminate mycotoxins for food safety. One of the effective ways to prevent food contamination against mycotoxins is based on efficiency adsorption. The removal of adsorbents in different food samples is a challenge that if addressed properly would enable us to overcome the contamination of multi‐mycotoxins. Recently, nano‐adsorbents and their various combinations seem to be a promising tool for capturing and removing mycotoxins from contaminated samples thanks to their excellent performance. Therefore, we have reviewed the latest literature on nano‐adsorbents based on graphene derivatives, nanoclays, inorganic hybrid nanocomposite and metal–organic frameworks for the removal of fungal toxins at both academic and industrial levels. Their synthesis, performance, security and adsorption mechanisms were summarised systematically in this study. Our work aims to provide an extensive overview of nano‐adsorbents for mycotoxin elimination, present the limitations in current research and inspire the instructive research focus on mycotoxins control in the future.

Ochratoxin A: Overview of Prevention, Removal, and Detoxification Methods

“…With the integration and development of multiple disciplines, a variety of applied composite materials have been designed and synthesized for the physical adsorption and detoxification of OTA. Nanotechnology has been combined with adsorbent materials to develop various graphene derivatives, organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials, metal-organic frameworks, nano-adsorbents, and magnetic nano-composite materials [ 61 , 62 , 63 ]. Alford et al [ 64 ] developed a new type of clay polymer nanocomposite (CPN) that achieves removal by combining with OTA molecules in fruit juice or wine to form a complex precipitation separation.…”

Advanced mycotoxin control and decontamination techniques in view of an increased aflatoxin risk in Europe due to climate change

“…Graphene derivatives and clay minerals are the most promising materials because of their efficacy and lower cost. Nonetheless, large-scale production and commercialization are limited due to scale-up difficulties, high cost, and lack of long-term toxicity studies ( Song and Qin, 2022 ).…”

Chitosan and its applications in oenology

“…Thus, the treatment of different wine samples (red, white, and sweet) using chitosan as an adsorbent achieves notable reductions in the concentrations of iron, copper, and cadmium while simultaneously reducing the content of ochratoxin A (Bornet and Teissedre, 2008). Likewise, the use of nano adsorbents for the removal of ochratoxins, including those based on chitosan, seems to merit consideration by the oenological sector, as it has started to be tested in the food industry for the removal of mycotoxins (Song and Qin, 2022). On the other hand, Rizzo et al (2010) reported a high efficiency of chitosan in the coagulation processes of wine wastewater, proposing its use as a sustainable alternative to the use of conventional metal-based coagulants, with the additional advantage of producing potentially reusable organic sludge; similarly, it has been reported that the use of chitosan-sepiolite nanocomposites allowed an efficient clarification of effluents from wine-making activities, associating its effect to a process of neutralisation of the charges in the colloids (Rytwo et al, 2013).…”

“…On the other hand, the development of different chitosan-based nanomaterials has been growing steadily over the last few years, as can be inferred from the number of publications in the last ten years for the Google Scholar search using the words "chitosan-based nanomaterials" (see Figure 6). Some systems based on these nanomaterials could easily be tested for the removal of contaminants in wine, like how some nano-adsorbents have been tested in other media for the removal of organic contaminants such as mycotoxins (Song and Qin, 2022), or inorganic contaminants such as metals and their salts (Haripriyan et al, 2022).…”