<scp>Esterification</scp> of renewable levulinic acid to ethyl levulinate biodiesel catalyzed by highly active and reusable desilicated H‐<scp>ZSM</scp>‐5

Nandiwale, Kakasaheb Y.; Niphadkar, Prashant S.; Deshpande, S. B.; Bokade, Vijay V.

doi:10.1002/jctb.4228

Cited by 92 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Nandiwale et al studied the esterification of levulininc acid to obtain ethyl levulitate, using an acid silicate (H-ZSM-5) compound as a catalytic agent. For a reaction time of 7 h and a reaction temperature of 130 °C, FAME concentration of 95 wt % was achieved [44]. The response surface and the two dimensions contour plots are generally used to find the optimal values of the variables process.…”

Section: Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Esterification Optimization of Crude African Palm Olein Using Response Surface Methodology and Heterogeneous Acid Catalysis

et al. 2018

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Abstract:In this work, the effect of zeolite montmorillonite KSF in the esterification of free fatty acids (FFAs) of crude African palm olein (Eleaias guinnesis Jacq) was studied. To optimize the esterification of FFAs of the crude African palm olein (CAPO), the response surface methodology (RSM) that was based on a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was used. The effects of three parameters were investigated: (a) catalyst loading (2.6-9.4 wt %), (b) reaction temperature (133.2-166.2 • C), and (c) reaction time (0.32-3.68 h). The Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that linear terms of catalyst loading (X 1 ), reaction temperature (X 2 ), the quadratic term of catalyst loading (X 2 1 ), temperature reaction (X 2 2 ), reaction time (X 2 3 ), the interaction catalyst loading with reaction time (X * 1 X 3 ), and the interaction reaction temperature with reaction time (X * 2 X 3 ) have a significant effect (p < 0.05 with a 95% confidence level) on Fatty Methyl Ester (FAME) yield. The result indicated that the optimum reaction conditions to esterification of FFAs were: catalyst loading 9.4 wt %, reaction temperature 155.5 • C, and 3.3 h for reaction time, respectively. Under these conditions, the numerical estimation of FAME yield was 91.81 wt %. This result was experimentally validated obtaining a difference of 1.7% FAME yield, with respect to simulated values.

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Section: Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Esterification Optimization of Crude African Palm Olein Using Response Surface Methodology and Heterogeneous Acid Catalysis

et al. 2018

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“…As far as we know, most studies were focused on the synthesis of ethyl levulinate (EL). For this purpose, various solid acid catalysts have been developed, including supported heteropolyacid [9,10], zeolites [11,12], sulfonated metal oxides [13] and silicas [14], sulfonated carbon nanotubes [15], Starbon ® mesoporous carbon [16], and hybrid catalysts [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Production of N-Butyl Levulinate Fuel Additive from Levulinic Acid Using Amorphous Carbon Enriched with Oxygenated Groups

Yang

Zhang

et al. 2018

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Abstract:The aim of this study was to develop an effective carbonaceous solid acid for synthesizing green fuel additive through esterification of lignocellulose-derived levulinic acid (LA) and n-butanol. Two different sulfonated carbons were prepared from glucose-derived amorphous carbon (GC400) and commercial active carbon (AC400). They were contrastively studied by a series of characterizations (N 2 adsorption, X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and NH 3 temperature programmed desorption). The results indicated that GC400 possessed stronger acidity and higher -SO 3 H density than AC400, and the amorphous structure qualified GC400 for good swelling capacity in the reaction solution. Assessment experiments showed that GC400 displayed remarkably higher catalytic efficiency than AC400 and other typical solid acids (HZSM-5, Hβ, Amberlyst-15 and Nafion-212 resin). Up to 90.5% conversion of LA and 100% selectivity of n-butyl levulinate could be obtained on GC400 under the optimal reaction conditions. The sulfonated carbon retained 92% of its original catalytic activity even after five cycles.

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“…During the past decade, much attention has been paid to the replacement of homogeneous catalysts by solid acid catalysts. Among these solid catalysts, the zeolite catalysts are outstanding due to their shape-selectivity, thermostability, and the possibility of regeneration of the deactivated catalysts [5][6][7][8][9][10]. Hence, the catalytic performances of different modified zeolites such as AlSBA-15 [5], HPA/TS-1 [6], Fe-SBA-15 [7], nanocrystalline sulfated titania [8] and Fe-containing HMCM-48 [9], etc., have been extensively evaluated for benzylation of toluene with BC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hier-HZ-5 78 indicated both type I and type IV isotherms, which represent presence of both micro and mesoporosity in the aq. NaOH-treated catalyst sample [10].…”

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Environmentally benign process for benzylation of toluene to mono-benzylated toluene over highly active and stable hierarchical zeolite catalyst

2015

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The liquid-phase benzylation of toluene with a benzylating agent like benzyl chloride (BC) is an important process for the production of mono-benzylated toluene (MBT), which is an industrially important compound used in pharmaceutical intermediates, fragrances, monomers for polycarbonate resins, heat-transfer fluids, aromatic solvents and fine chemicals. Selective synthesis of MBT by benzylation of toluene with BC over hierarchical micro-mesoporous-H-ZSM-5 (modified zeolite) catalyst was systematically studied for the first time. Hierarchical micro-mesoporous composites of H-ZSM-5 were obtained by treating parent H-ZSM-5 with different alkali (aq. NaOH) concentration. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET surface area, TPAD, etc. The 100 % BC conversion with 100 % MBT selectivity was obtained over Hier-HZ-5 78 (Hierarchical H-ZSM-5) at lower molar ratio (toluene:BC) of 4:1 than 10:1 molar ratio reported, so far. The invented catalyst was also observed to be reusable for six catalytic cycles (one fresh and five recycles). The detailed optimization of process parameters such as molar ratio, catalyst loading and reaction time and temperature is also discussed.

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Esterification of renewable levulinic acid to ethyl levulinate biodiesel catalyzed by highly active and reusable desilicated H‐ZSM‐5

Cited by 92 publications

References 27 publications

Esterification Optimization of Crude African Palm Olein Using Response Surface Methodology and Heterogeneous Acid Catalysis

Esterification Optimization of Crude African Palm Olein Using Response Surface Methodology and Heterogeneous Acid Catalysis

Efficient Production of N-Butyl Levulinate Fuel Additive from Levulinic Acid Using Amorphous Carbon Enriched with Oxygenated Groups

Environmentally benign process for benzylation of toluene to mono-benzylated toluene over highly active and stable hierarchical zeolite catalyst

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