“…In 2011, NASA applied the digital twin concept to the Apollo project to construct virtual bodies of space vehicles in virtual information space, and through the observation and analysis of the virtual bodies, the prediction and maintenance of the flight status of space vehicles were realized, and then the digital twin technology began to attract attention ( Tao et al, 2018 ; Liu Y et al, 2021a ). Many internationally renowned companies have already started to explore the application of digital twin technology in product design, manufacturing and service ( Sun et al, 2020c ; Tao et al, 2021 ). In product design, for the innovative design of complex products, Dassault has established a 3D experience platform based on the digital twin, which uses the information from user interaction to continuously improve the product design model in the information world and to implement it into the physical product improvement ( Sun et al, 2020d ; Fu et al, 2021 ).…”