Scorpion venomics: a 2019 overview

Cid-Uribe, Jimena I.; Veytia-Bucheli, José Ignacio; Romero-Gutiérrez, Teresa; Ortíz, Ernesto; Possani, Lourival D.

doi:10.1080/14789450.2020.1705158

Cited by 44 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 165 publications

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“…These cover about the 75% of the total transcripts obtained from venoms of 37 species belonging to seven different families. The remaining quarter of venom compounds is composed of molecules for which either structural domains and/or function are unknown [ 134 ]. For a more comprehensive review of scorpion toxins, refer to [ 134 - 138 ].…”

Section: Scorpion Weaponsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The remaining quarter of venom compounds is composed of molecules for which either structural domains and/or function are unknown [ 134 ]. For a more comprehensive review of scorpion toxins, refer to [ 134 - 138 ].…”

Section: Scorpion Weaponsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are transducers of the nociception system and associated with the pain-inducing response [ 289 - 291 ]. It is not thus surprising that several pain-generating toxins isolated from scorpion venom have a high affinity for TRP channels [ 134 , 292 - 294 ]. Some specialized scorpion predators like grasshopper mice and bats [ 295 - 298 ] possess an altered molecular configuration of other voltage-gated channels belonging to the nociception system which provide some immunity to the lethal and algogenic effects of scorpion venom [ 297 , 299 , 300 ].…”

Section: Ecological Role Of Scorpion Weapons In Feeding Defense and Intraspecific Agonismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Armed stem to stinger: a review of the ecological roles of scorpion weapons

Simone¹,

Meijden²

2021

J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis

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Scorpions possess two systems of weapons: the pincers (chelae) and the stinger (telson). These are placed on anatomically and developmentally well separated parts of the body, that is, the oral appendages and at the end of the body axis. The otherwise conserved body plan of scorpions varies most in the shape and relative dimensions of these two weapon systems, both across species and in some cases between the sexes. We review the literature on the ecological function of these two weapon systems in each of three contexts of usage: (i) predation, (ii) defense and (iii) sexual contests. In the latter context, we will also discuss their usage in mating. We first provide a comparative background for each of these contexts of usage by giving examples of other weapon systems from across the animal kingdom. Then, we discuss the pertinent aspects of the anatomy of the weapon systems, particularly those aspects relevant to their functioning in their ecological roles. The literature on the functioning and ecological role of both the chelae and the telson is discussed in detail, again organized by context of usage. Particular emphasis is given on the differences in morphology or usage between species or higher taxonomic groups, or between genders, as such cases are most insightful to understand the roles of each of the two distinct weapon systems of the scorpions and their evolutionary interactions. We aimed to synthesize the literature while minimizing conjecture, but also to point out gaps in the literature and potential future research opportunities.

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Section: Scorpion Weaponsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Scorpion Weaponsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ecological Role Of Scorpion Weapons In Feeding Defense and Intraspecific Agonismmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Armed stem to stinger: a review of the ecological roles of scorpion weapons

Simone¹,

Meijden²

2021

J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis

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“…Interestingly, hyaluronidase activity was demonstrated by some other scorpion species such ( Heterometrus swammerdami / Palamneus gravimanus ( Morey et al, 2006 ), Hemiscorpius lepturus ( Seyedian et al, 2010 ), and Heterometrus fuvipes ( Ramanaiah et al, 1990 ), and Strong et al (2001) also reported enzymatic activities from scorpion venoms. It is also possible that the functionality of these enzymes differs from the conventional snake venom serine proteases and hyaluronidases, resulting in differences in substrate specificity between some snake and scorpion venom enzymes ( Thakur and Mukherjee, 2015 ; Cid-Uribe et al, 2020 ; Das et al, 2020 ). Another possibility is that the serine protease-like protein and the hyaluronidase enzyme do not show in vitro enzyme activity due to their relatively low abundance in Indian red scorpion venom ( Das et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Pharmacological Targets Of Indian Red Scorpion Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical and Proteomic Characterization, and Pharmacological Insights of Indian Red Scorpion Venom Toxins

2021

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The Indian red scorpion (Mesobuthus tamulus) is one of the world’s deadliest scorpions, with stings representing a life-threatening medical emergency. This species is distributed throughout the Indian sub-continent, including eastern Pakistan, eastern Nepal, and Sri Lanka. In India, Indian red scorpions are broadly distributed in western Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka; however, fatal envenomations have been recorded primarily in the Konkan region of Maharashtra. The Indian red scorpion venom proteome comprises 110 proteins belonging to 13 venom protein families. The significant pharmacological activity is predominantly caused by the low molecular mass non-enzymatic Na+ and K+ ion channel toxins. Other minor toxins comprise 15.6% of the total venom proteome. Indian red scorpion stings induce the release of catecholamine, which leads to pathophysiological abnormalities in the victim. A strong correlation has been observed between venom proteome composition and local (swelling, redness, heat, and regional lymph node involvement) and systemic (tachycardia, mydriasis, hyperglycemia, hypertension, toxic myocarditis, cardiac failure, and pulmonary edema) manifestations. Immediate administration of antivenom is the preferred treatment for Indian red scorpion stings. However, scorpion-specific antivenoms have exhibited poor immunorecognition and neutralization of the low molecular mass toxins. The proteomic analysis also suggests that Indian red scorpion venom is a rich source of pharmacologically active molecules that may be envisaged as drug prototypes. The following review summarizes the progress made towards understanding the venom proteome of the Indian red scorpion and addresses the current understanding of the pathophysiology associated with its sting.

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“…The effect of scorpion involves detoxification, dissipation of nodules, inhibition of cancer and pain relief. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that the main active ingredients of scorpion are cholesteryl ferulate, cholesterol, taurine, stearin, 20‐Hexadecanoylingenol and trimethylamine (Cid‐Uribe et al., 2020). Its antitumour mechanism involves cell‐cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, immune regulation and other aspects (Uzair et al., 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of network pharmacology and molecular docking to elucidate the potential mechanism of Astragalus–Scorpion against prostate cancer

Chen

Min-jing

et al. 2021

Andrologia

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The present study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of the Astragalus–Scorpion drug pair in the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). We employed network pharmacology and molecular docking technology to retrieving the active ingredients and corresponding targets of Astragalus–Scorpion by using TCMSP, BATMAN‐TCM, TCMID and Swiss Target Prediction Databases. The targets related to PCa were retrieved through GeneCards. Cytoscape software was used to construct the ‘active ingredient–target disease’ network, and GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed on the common targets. Autodock software was used for molecular docking verification. In total, 26 active ingredients, 340 potential targets related to active ingredients and 122 common targets were screened from Astragalus–Scorpion drug pair. The core targets of the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network were JUN, AKT1, IL6, MAPK1 and RELA, whereas the core active ingredients were quercetin, kaempferol, formononetin, 7‐o‐methylisomucronulatol and calycosin. Nearly 762 GO entries and 154 pathways were obtained by using the pathway enrichment analysis. Molecular docking results revealed that quercetin and kaempferol bind to AKT1 and formononetin binds to RELA, all of which were found to be stable bounds.

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Scorpion venomics: a 2019 overview

Cited by 44 publications

References 165 publications

Armed stem to stinger: a review of the ecological roles of scorpion weapons

Armed stem to stinger: a review of the ecological roles of scorpion weapons

Biochemical and Proteomic Characterization, and Pharmacological Insights of Indian Red Scorpion Venom Toxins

Application of network pharmacology and molecular docking to elucidate the potential mechanism of Astragalus–Scorpion against prostate cancer

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