Scientific Racism: The Cloak of Objectivity

Fairchild, Halford H.

doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1991.tb01825.x

Cited by 95 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Steps, however, are underway to overcome this problem by establishing a profession-wide policy standard on race (Yee, 1991). Treating this crucial point superficially in their rush to assess Asian/black/white differences, race adherents in psychology are highly vulnerable to criticism, such as by Fairchild (1991) and Weizmann et al (1990). More than 50 years ago, Anastasi (1937) discussed the dangers of overgeneralizing test results.…”

Section: Are the Cognitive Abilities And Iq Of Asians Superior To Othmentioning

confidence: 96%

Asians as stereotypes and students: Misperceptions that persist

Yee

1992

Educ Psychol Rev

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Section: Are the Cognitive Abilities And Iq Of Asians Superior To Othmentioning

confidence: 96%

Asians as stereotypes and students: Misperceptions that persist

Yee

1992

Educ Psychol Rev

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“…In more prosperous districts, the proportions of Blacks and illiterates may be low. Thus, the district-level baserates reflect causal influences of education and income, which are independent of residents' genetic race (Fairchild, 1991), which might account for a correlation at the individual level. In fact, the elevated illiteracy rate in poor districts may be even higher among White people, meaning that the partial correlation between race and illiteracy, controlling for the impact of districts, may have an opposite sign.…”

Section: Introduction To Pseudocontingenciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pseudocontingencies: An integrative account of an intriguing cognitive illusion.

Fiedler¹,

Freytag²,

Meiser³

2009

Psychological Review

100

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are gratefully acknowledged. Correspondence concerning this manuscript should be addressed via email to:kf@psychologie.uni-heidelberg.de. AbstractThe term pseudocontingency (PC) denotes the logically unwarranted inference of a Pseudocontingencies 2 contingency between two variables X and Y from information other than pairs of x i , y i observations, namely, the variables' univariate baserates as assessed in one or more ecological contexts. We summarize recent experimental evidence, showing that PCs can play a pivotal role in many areas of judgment and decision making. We argue that the exploitation of the informational value of baserates underlying PCs offers an alternative perspective on many phenomena in the realm of adaptive cognition that have been studied in isolation so far.Although PCs can lead to serious biases under some conditions, they afford an efficient strategy for inductive inference making in probabilistic environments that render baserate information, rather than genuine covariation information, readily available. Adaptive behavior hinges on our ability to extract meaningful regularities from the flood of information provided by the physical and social environment. In an uncertain world, discerning regularities often amounts to assessing statistical contingencies between two variables over a series of events, such as correlations between causes and events, signals and significant events, predictions and feedback, actions and consequences, or behaviors associated with particular personality types. It is no exaggeration to claim that the ability to assess contingencies is crucial for adaptive learning and behavior, for rational action and decision making, and -ultimately -for survival in a risky and uncertain world. Thus, contingency assessment is commonly considered a major module of inductive intelligence, as stated in several pertinent reviews (Allan, 1993;Allan, Hannah, Crump & Siegel, 2008;Alloy & Tabachnik, 1984;Arieh & Algom, 2002;Crocker, 1981;Fiedler, 2000).In this article, we present an alternative perspective on inductive learning, drawing on pseudocontingencies rather than contingencies proper. The major claim we will put forward is that when organisms figure out correlations or contingencies (in case of nominally scaled variables), they often engage in a cognitive inference process that is sensitive to something different from a genuine correlation. To start with a definition, the term "pseudocontingency" denotes the (logically unwarranted) inference of a contingency between two variables X and Y from information other than pairs of x i , y i observations. In empirical reality, there are many situations in which joint observations of two or more variables are not available, or in which environmental or mnemonic constraints preclude the use of such genuine contingency information. In these situations, pseudocontingencies (PCs) can be inferred from other information, particularly, from the covariation of unequal baserates of high and low levels of X and Y over an ecological context fact...

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“…El prejuicio y la discriminación racial dan cuenta de inequidades en salud que se observan en distintas regiones en el país, e incluso, entre países 39 .…”

Section: Incisounclassified

Desempeño de la escala de racismo basado en la genética en estudiantes de medicina

Campo‐Arias¹,

Oviedo²,

Herazo³

2014

Duazary

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ResumenEl concepto de discriminación racial se depura con el tiempo. En la actualidad se distinguen diferentes formas, entre otras, genético, moderno, simbólico o sutil. En consecuencia, se proponen instrumentos para la cuantificación de estos constructos. El objetivo del estudio fue conocer el desempeño de la Escala de Racismo Basado en la Genética (ERBG) en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Se diseñó un estudio de validación en el que participaron 341 estudiantes en edades entre 18 y 30 años, 59,2 % mujeres, completaron una versión de nueve incisos de la ERBG. La consistencia interna se estimó con los coeficientes de alfa de Cronbach y omega de McDonald y la estructura interna mediante análisis factorial exploratorio. Se observó que ERBG presentó alfa de Cronbach de 0,81 y omega de McDonald de 0,82. La estructura interna de la ERBG se limitó a una sola dimensión responsable del 40,6 % de la varianza de total. Se concluye que ERBG presenta alta consistencia interna y una estructura unidimensional en los estudiantes participantes. Futuras investigaciones deben explorar el desempeño de este instrumento en estudiantes de otras carreras y ciudades colombianas.Palabras clave: Racismo, estudiantes de medicina; confiabilidad y validez, análisis factorial, estudios de validación. (Fuente: Decs Bireme) abstract The concept of racial discrimination changes over the time; and today different forms are distinguished, among others, genetic, modern, symbolic and subtle. Accordingly, scales for quantifying these are proposed. The objective Recibido en enero 27 de 2014 Aceptado en abril 02 de 2014TíTulo corTo: Desempeño De la escala De racismo basaDo en la genéTica

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Scientific Racism: The Cloak of Objectivity

Cited by 95 publications

References 47 publications

Asians as stereotypes and students: Misperceptions that persist

Asians as stereotypes and students: Misperceptions that persist

Pseudocontingencies: An integrative account of an intriguing cognitive illusion.

Desempeño de la escala de racismo basado en la genética en estudiantes de medicina

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