Scientific Opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence of phomopsins in feed and food

,

doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2567

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…Lupins are the main host of the fungus Diaporthe toxica, which produces phomopsins. Phomopsins are a family of mycotoxins that has been evaluated by EFSA in a previous opinion (EFSA CONTAM Panel, 2012) and are also considered not part of the present assessment.…”

Section: Interpretation Of the Terms Of Referencementioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of quinolizidine alkaloids in feed and food, in particular in lupins and lupin‐derived products

Schrenk¹,

Bodin²,

Chipman³

et al. 2019

EFS2

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The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of quinolizidine alkaloids (QAs) in feed and food. This risk assessment is limited to QAs occurring in Lupinus species/varieties relevant for animal and human consumption in Europe (i.e. Lupinus albus L., Lupinus angustifolius L., Lupinus luteus L. and Lupinus mutabilis Sweet). Information on the toxicity of QAs in animals and humans is limited. Following acute exposure to sparteine (reference compound), anticholinergic effects and changes in cardiac electric conductivity are considered to be critical for human hazard characterisation. The CONTAM Panel used a margin of exposure (MOE) approach identifying a lowest single oral effective dose of 0.16 mg sparteine/kg body weight as reference point to characterise the risk following acute exposure. No reference point could be identified to characterise the risk of chronic exposure. Because of similar modes of action for QAs, the CONTAM Panel used a group approach assuming dose additivity. For food, the highest mean concentration of Total QAs (TotQAs) (i.e. the 6 most abundant QAs) was found in lupin seed samples classified as 'Lupins (dry) and similar-'. Due to the limited data on occurrence and consumption, dietary exposure was calculated for some specific scenarios and no full human health risk characterisation was possible. The calculated margin of exposures (MOEs) may indicate a risk for some consumers. For example, when lupin seeds are consumed without a debittering step, or as debittered lupin seeds high in QA content and when 'lupin-based meat imitates' are consumed. For horses, companion and farm animals, other than salmonids, the available database on adverse effects was too limited to identify no-observed-adverse-effect levels and/or lowest-observed-adverse-effect levels and no risk characterisation was possible. For salmonids, the CONTAM Panel considers the risk for adverse effects to be low.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and no modifications or adaptations are made.The EFSA Journal is a publication of the European Food Safety Authority, an agency of the European Union. Quinolizidine alkaloids in feed and food www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal 2 EFSA Journal 2019;17(11):5860 Quinolizidine alkaloids in feed and food www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal 3 EFSA Journal 2019;17(11):5860lupanine or 13a-OH-lupanine (each equivalent to 0.14 mg/kg bw for a person with a body weight of 70 kg). Human cases of poisoning with lupin seeds are infrequent and rarely lead to a fatal outcome. However, case reports of poisoning in children suggest that these are more susceptible to intoxication than adults, and doses of lupin alkaloids from 10 mg/kg bw onwards may be lethal. Intoxication have been associated with inadequate debittering of lupin seeds by consumers, while no case of poisoning has been...

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Section: Interpretation Of the Terms Of Referencementioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of quinolizidine alkaloids in feed and food, in particular in lupins and lupin‐derived products

Schrenk¹,

Bodin²,

Chipman³

et al. 2019

EFS2

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“…Furthermore, Phomopsins are significant mycotoxins, although scarce data exist on their effects [16]. Phomopsins have been classified into five groups: A, B, C, D, and E, of which the most toxic is group A [16]. These mycotoxins are produced by Diaporthe toxica (Phomopsis leptostromiformis) [16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phomopsins have been classified into five groups: A, B, C, D, and E, of which the most toxic is group A [16]. These mycotoxins are produced by Diaporthe toxica (Phomopsis leptostromiformis) [16,17]. Experimental results showed that these modified polypeptides are nephrotoxic, immunotoxic, hematotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Mycotoxins on Animals’ Oxidative Status

et al. 2021

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Mycotoxins appear to be the “Achilles’ heel” of the agriculture sector inducing enormous economic losses and representing a severe risk to the health of humans and animals. Although novel determination protocols have been developed and legislation has been implemented within Europe, the side effects of mycotoxins on the homeostatic mechanisms of the animals have not been extensively considered. Feed mycotoxin contamination and the effects on the antioxidant status of livestock (poultry, swine, and ruminants) are presented. The findings support the idea that the antioxidant systems in both monogastrics and ruminants are challenged under the detrimental effect of mycotoxins by increasing the toxic lipid peroxidation by-product malondialdehyde (MDA) and inhibiting the activity of antioxidant defense mechanisms. The degree of oxidative stress is related to the duration of contamination, co-contamination, the synergetic effects, toxin levels, animal age, species, and productive stage. Since the damaging effects of MDA and other by-products derived by lipid peroxidation as well as reactive oxygen species have been extensively studied on human health, a more integrated monitoring mechanism (which will take into account the oxidative stability) is urgently required to be implemented in animal products.

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“…In the last 10 years, many natural food contaminants have emerged, such as ergot alkaloids, tropane alkaloids, phomopsin A, Alternaria toxins, and citrinin, all of which are of great interest to the global scientific community [1][2][3][4][5]. Generally, toxins are stable, having toxic effects causing potentially chronic and acute diseases [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the maximum levels (MLs) of some of these food contaminants have recently been set or are under consideration by the European Commission (EC) [8,9]. For example, the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) has already published scientific opinions on these contaminants, indicating the importance of food contamination to population health [1][2][3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Dilute and Shoot Strategy for Determining Alternaria Toxins in Tomato-Based Samples and in Different Flours Using LC-IDMS Separation

Tölgyesi¹,

Farkas²,

Bálint³

et al. 2021

Molecules

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Alternaria toxins are emerging mycotoxins whose regulation and standardization are in progress by the European Commission and the European Committee for Standardization. This paper describes a dilute and shoot approach to determine five Alternaria toxins in selected food samples using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The strategy involves sample extraction with acidified aqueous methanol, followed by a solvent change accomplished via sample evaporation and reconstitution. The quantification is based on isotope dilution, applying all corresponding isotopically labeled internal standards to compensate possible matrix effects of the analysis. The main advantages of the present method over other existing methods includes simple and effective sample preparation, as well as detection with high sensitivity. The five-fold sample dilution can decrease matrix effects, which were evaluated with both external and internal standard methods. The results demonstrated a limit of quantification lower than 1.0 µg/kg for all five analytes for the first time. The newly presented method showed acceptable accuracy (52.7–111%) when analyzing naturally contaminated and spiked standard samples at the described levels. The method was validated for tomato-based and flour samples (wheat, rye, and maize). The absolute recovery ranged from 66.7% to 91.6% (RSD < 10%). The developed method could be an alternative approach for those laboratories that exclude sample cleanup and pre-concentration of state-of-the-art instruments with enhanced sensitivity.

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Scientific Opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence of phomopsins in feed and food

Cited by 23 publications

References 117 publications

Scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of quinolizidine alkaloids in feed and food, in particular in lupins and lupin‐derived products

Scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of quinolizidine alkaloids in feed and food, in particular in lupins and lupin‐derived products

Impact of Mycotoxins on Animals’ Oxidative Status

A Dilute and Shoot Strategy for Determining Alternaria Toxins in Tomato-Based Samples and in Different Flours Using LC-IDMS Separation

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