Scientific Opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence of T-2 and HT-2 toxin in food and feed

,

doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2481

Cited by 271 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 254 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

103

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The overall prevalence of T-2/HT-2 toxins in Serbian cereals for the investigated period was slightly higher compared to the prevalence of these mycotoxins in samples collected between 2005 and 2010 from 22 European countries [77]. A total of 17,683 analytical results for the T-2 toxin, 16,536 for HT-2 toxin and 20,519 for the sum of T-2 and HT-2 were collected, with an overall 65% of results below limit of detection (LOD) or limit of quantification (LOQ).…”

Section: Principal Mycotoxins In Food and Feed In Serbiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are known to impair protein and DNA synthesis and to induce haematotoxicity and myelotoxicity associated with impairment of haematopoiesis in bone marrow [77]. Other toxic effects include dermal toxicity, developmental and reproductive toxicity and neurotoxicity [77]. T-2 toxin is the principal causal toxin in the human alimentary toxic aleukia [104].…”

Section: Adverse Effects and Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The highest chronic dietary exposure estimates are for toddlers at 0.012 to 0.043 μg kg –1 bw per day for average consumers. Grains and grain-based foods, in particular, bread, fine bakery wares, grain milling products and breakfast cereals, made the largest contribution [77]. Estimates of chronic dietary exposure for populations of all age groups to the sum of T-2 and HT-2 toxins based on the available occurrence data are below TDI of 0.1 μg kg −1 bw per day.…”

Section: Adverse Effects and Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Overview on the Mycotoxins Incidence in Serbia in the Period 2004–2016

Udovički

Audenaert

Saeger

et al. 2018

Toxins

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

With an average annual production of 6.9 M tonnes and 2.5 M tonnes of maize and wheat respectively, Serbia is one of the main grain producers and exporters in Europe. Cereals are also the major staple food in Serbian diet. In view of the high cereal consumption, for human and animal nutrition, the presence of mycotoxins entails a high public health risk of chronic exposure to mycotoxins. This study provides an overview of the incidence of predominant mycotoxins, mainly in cereal and dairy products, in Serbia, in the 2004–2016, using data reported in the scientific literature. The study demonstrated that the total prevalence of aflatoxins was 62.9% (n = 12,517) with 26.2% of the samples exceeding the EU limits during this period. Results obtained for T-2/HT-2 (n = 523), deoxynivalenol (n = 2907), fumonisins (n = 998), zearalenone (n = 689) and ochratoxin A (n = 740) indicated the prevalence of 45.5%, 42.9%, 63.3%, 39.3% and 28.1%, respectively. For these mycotoxins, the EU limits were less frequently exceeded. Comprehensive collection and analysis of all accessible information reviewed in this paper showed moderate incidence and prevalence of mycotoxins in Serbia, with an exception of the 2012 drought year and the 2014 flood year.

show abstract

Section: Principal Mycotoxins In Food and Feed In Serbiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Adverse Effects and Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Adverse Effects and Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Overview on the Mycotoxins Incidence in Serbia in the Period 2004–2016

Udovički

Audenaert

Saeger

et al. 2018

Toxins

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The consequence is a weaker immune response. In general, trichothecenes are haematotoxic and immunotoxic without genotoxic and carcinogenic properties (91)(92)(93)(94).…”

Section: Trichothecenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxicoses in children

Peraica

Richter

Rašić

2014

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Mycotoxicoses are acute and chronic poisonings caused by mould toxins called mycotoxins. Although acute mycotoxicoses, caused by high mycotoxin levels in food are rare nowadays, they need to be described in order to inform physicians and other health care workers about their symptoms. Children are more sensitive to mycotoxins because of their lower body mass, higher metabolic rate, and underdeveloped organ functions and detoxication mechanisms. Some mycotoxicoses appear only in children, and some are more pronounced in children than in adults. Acute mycotoxicoses in children are reported poorly, mostly because they occur in the tropical regions with poor healthcare coverage. In developed countries healthcare authorities are more concerned about child exposure to low levels of mycotoxins with immunotoxic, genotoxic or carcinogenic properties.

show abstract

“…Among the type A trichothecenes, T2 and HT2 are the most focused due to their higher prevalence in crops, and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) established a group of tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 100 ngkg -1 body weight for the sum of T2 and HT2 21) . Although the existence of masked mycotoxins is not counted yet with the risk Maize kernels colonized with the Fusarium fungi were spread on the experimental field of wheat.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on mycotoxin glucosides (masked mycotoxins)

Nakagawa

2016

Proc. Jpn. Assoc. Mycotoxicol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

For the detection of new glucoside derivatives of mycotooxins (masked mycotoxins), screening based on the accurate mass was carried out through the high resolution mass spectrometry measurement with LC-MS (LC-Orbitrap MS). Consequently, mono-glucoside derivatives of type B trichothecenes (nivalenol and fusarenon-X) in wheat grains infected with Fusarium strains and those of the type A trichothecenes (T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, neosolaniol, diacetoxyscirpenol, and monoacetoxyscirpenol) in corn powder reference material were detected, respectively. Di-glucoside derivatives were also found for T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin. These findings indicate that the presence of masked mycotoxins is not limited to some specific mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, but likely with the other Fusarium mycotoxins.Fusarium fungi are plant pathogens infecting cereals such as wheat, barley, and corn, and some of them produce mycotoxins, such as trichothecenes (Fig. 1). and zearalenone (ZEN, Fig. 2). In Japan, the infection of grain by Fusarium fungi is occasionally serious, since those crops are usually planted during the rainy season. Among the Fusarium mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON, Fig. 1), which belongs to the type B trichothecenes, is considered the most important 1) and many countries have set regulatory limits for DON in commodities and foods 2) .Recently, the existence of DON-3-glucoside (DON3G) (Fig. 3) in cereal grain and beer was reported 3),4) . Similar glucoside derivatives for other Fusarium mycotoxins including ZEN-14-glucoside (ZENG) (Fig. 3) were also found in plant 5),6) . Since these derivatives are usually not detected by the conventional analytical methods, they are called "masked mycotoxins" 7),8) . The existence of ZEN-14-sulphate (ZENS) was reported in another study 9) , and also regarded as a masked mycotoxin. Hydrolysis of masked mycotoxins to their original aglycons has also been reported 7),8),9),10) , therefore it is suggested that they are suggested to present an additional, potential risks of mycotoxins.Thus far, reports on the natural contamination of masked mycotoxin were mainly limited to those of DONG and ZENG (Fig. 3). However, it seemed to be very likely that glucoside derivatives of other mycotoxins also should exist considering that Fusarium fungi produce several different type of mycotoxins (Fig. 1, 2).

show abstract

Scientific Opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence of T-2 and HT-2 toxin in food and feed

Cited by 271 publications

References 254 publications

Overview on the Mycotoxins Incidence in Serbia in the Period 2004–2016

Overview on the Mycotoxins Incidence in Serbia in the Period 2004–2016

Mycotoxicoses in children

Research on mycotoxin glucosides (masked mycotoxins)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About