Schooling, Generation, and Transformations in Livelihoods: Youth in the Sand Economy of Northern Kenya

Facing old and new risks in arid environments: The case of pastoral communities in Northern Kenya

“…Diversification into conservation and tourism is mainly used by pastoralists in wildlife-rich rangelands, which are important alternative sources of income during droughts [73]. Other activities include sand harvesting, used, for example, by young schooled people in Laikipia North subcounty in Kenya, to replace or complement pastoralism [74]. In Samburu, some pastoralists increased their herds, while others used income diversification as a strategy or switched to completely non-herding options such as casual labour, tourism, charcoal or murram sales, family remits or government assistance [75].…”

"Det er som at vente på et tog, der bliver ved med at være forsinket"

“…Jensen (2014) beskriver faengslede unge maend i Manilla (Filippinerne), hvor tiden står stille, mens samfundet 'udenfor murene' fortsaetter. Også Vigh (2008) og Waage (2006Waage ( , 2014 og Jørgensen (2016) peger i deres studier af afrikansk ungdom på situationer, hvor unge blokeres i deres bevaegelse mod voksenhed. Her handler det at vaere "stuck" også om ikke at have ressourcer til at kunne stifte familie osv.…”

“…i Afrika), og hensaetter generationer til på den ene side at vente og på den anden side at forsøge at navigere midt i umulighederne. Jørgensen undersøger, hvordan unge maend med begraenset skolegang venter på usikre daglejerjobs på gadehjørner i en lille by i Nordkenya, og viser, hvordan de unges manglende aktivitet ses som et moralsk problem af den aeldre generation (Jørgensen 2016). Tid er både en dyrebar ressource, der skal forvaltes og investeres rigtigt, og samtidig kan tiden gå i stå og opleves uden fremdrift, hvilket bryder med ideen om tid som en forventelig fremadskridende logik ("independently progressing lawfulness", Frederiksen & Dalsgård, 2014, p.2).…”

Hustling for Rights: Political Engagements with Sand in Northern Kenya

“…In informal discussions without the presence of elders, the paralegals criticized the old men for not being able to manage the resources generated from the sale of sand effectively, and challenged the idea that the exploitation of sand was cursed. Sand should be seen as a natural resource, these young people insisted in such discussions, referring to school knowledge about resources and wealth creation (taught in social studies in primary school and geography in secondary school, see Jørgensen 2016), stressing that the benefits of the resource should be distributed 'fairly' within the community. Young female paralegals disputed the fact that decision-making on sand management was a male domain as sand harvesting provided money for children's education (a key concern of women) and had an impact on the availability of water in the dry season and thereby on the workload of women.…”