Schooling behavior of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) in laboratory aquaria: Reactions to chemical and visual stimuli

Strand, S. W.; Hamner, William M.

doi:10.1007/bf01344312

Cited by 63 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In one experimental study, the structure of krill swarms did not appear to change in response to water flow but rather to behaviorally induced mechanisms, such as food and predators (O'Brien 1989). In another study, krill were induced to swarm in a tank when a model of a predator was introduced (Strand & Hamner 1990). Divers have observed complex schooling behavior in all life history stages of E. superba, including foraging, feeding, predator avoidance, and mating behavior (Hamner 1984, Naito et al 1986, O'Brien 1987b, Hamner et al 1989).…”

Section: Using Continuous Profiles O F In Vivo Fluorescence and Acomentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of physical and biological mesoscale dynamics on the seasonal distribution and behavior of Euphausia superba in the antarctic marginal ice zone

Daly¹,

Macaulay²

1991

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

100

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The influence of day length, currents, sea ice presence, seawater temperature and salinity, chlorophyll a, particulate organic carbon, and predators was investigated in relation to the distribution and behavior of life history stages of Euphausia superba Dana in the marginal ice zone of the Weddell and Scotia Seas dunng autumn, winter, and spring. Physical processes control the extent of ice cover, the magnitude and location of food, and the distribution of pack ice predators, however, physical processes did not appear to directly affect krill. Instead, the seasonal distribution and behavior of krill was interpreted to be a function of the need to acquire food and avoid predators. These 2 factors also are hypothesized to be the proximate cause of swarming dunng our study. Seasonal sea ice plays an integral role m the ecology of knll. Ice-edge blooms are an important and predictable food supply, particularly for reproducing adults and first-feeding larvae. Ice floes provide protection for larvae and pvemles, and sea ice biota, a widespread food source, are important to the survival of larvae during winter. In the marginal ice zone, overwintering strategies of adults included regression to an immature (sub-adult) stage, reduction of metabohc rate, and omnivorous feeding m the water column. Adults were not observed feeding on the undersurface of ice floes probably because of increased risk of predation from pack ice predators. However, adult krill may migrate deeper into the pack ice in winter and also feed on ice biota. We conclude that sea ice biota act as a stabilizing mechanism against extreme seasonal oscillations of food supply for overwintenng krill, thus contributing to the persistence of populations of E. superba.

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Section: Using Continuous Profiles O F In Vivo Fluorescence and Acomentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of physical and biological mesoscale dynamics on the seasonal distribution and behavior of Euphausia superba in the antarctic marginal ice zone

Daly¹,

Macaulay²

1991

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

100

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“…Hamner (1984) observed that E. superba sometimes have whitish individuals (presumably parasitized) positioned behind the school unable to swim as fast as healthy individuals. Strand & Hamner (1990) reported E. superba exclusively forming schools, and the few solitary individuals they captured were almost always damaged and/or parasitized.The low prevalence rates of parasites, castrators, and parasitoids detected in euphausiids in the present study (excepting epibiotic organisms with an apparently negligible effect on the host) indicate how several parasites have to deal with many intermediate and paratenic hosts to infest or infect their definitive hosts and complete their complex life cycles. In other words, population density and swarming behavior of the hosts may control parasite population dynamics.…”

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confidence: 97%

Parasite diversity of Nyctiphanes simplex and Nematoscelis difficilis (Crustacea: Euphausiacea) along the northwestern coast of Mexico

Gómez‐Gutiérrez¹,

Robinson²,

Kawaguchi³

et al. 2010

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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The diversity of parasites found on Nyctiphanes simplex and Nematoscelis difficilis (Order Euphausiacea) was compared during 10 oceanographic cruises made off both coasts of the Baja California peninsula, Mexico. We tested the hypothesis that N. simplex has a more diverse parasitic assemblage than N. difficilis because it is a neritic species, has larger population abundance, and tends to form denser and more compact swarms than N. difficilis. These biological and behavioral features may enhance parasite transmission within swarms. We detected 6 types of ectoparasites: (1) epibiotic diatoms Licmophora sp.; (2) Ephelotidae suctorian ciliates; (3) Foettingeriidae exuviotrophic apostome ciliates; (4) an unidentified epicaridean cryptoniscus larvae (isopoda); and 2 castrators: (5) the ectoparasitic Dajidae isopod Notophryxus lateralis and (6) the ellobiopsid mesoparasite Thalassomyces fagei. We also detected 7 types of endoparasites: (1) an undescribed Collinia ciliate (Apostomatida); 3 types of Cestoda: (2) a Tetrarhynchobothruium sp. (Trypanorhyncha), (3) Echinobothrium sp. (Diphyllidea: Echinobothyriidae), and (4) unidentified metacestode; (5) a Trematoda Paronatrema-like metacercaria (Syncoeliidae); (6) the nematode Anisakis simplex (L3); and (7) Polymorphidae acantocephalan larvae (acanthor, acanthella, and cystacanth larval stages). N. simplex is affected by all types of parasites, except the isopod N. lateralis, having a considerably larger parasitic diversity and prevalence rates than N. difficilis, which is only infested with 3 types of ectoparasites and T. fagei. Euphausiid swarming is an adaptive behavior for reproduction, protection against predators, and increased efficiency in food searching, but has a negative effect due to parasitism. Although the advantages of aggregation must overcome the reduction of population and individual fitness induced by parasites, we demonstrated that all types of parasites can affect ~14% of N. simplex individuals. Collinia spp. endoparasitoids must occasionally have a significant influence on population mortality with potential epizootic events.KEY WORDS: Parasites · Parasitoids · Euphausiids · Nyctiphanes simplex · Nematoscelis difficilis · Bahía Magdalena · Gulf of California Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 88: [249][250][251][252][253][254][255][256][257][258][259][260][261][262][263][264][265][266] 2010 increasing number of parasites and parasitoids have been discovered. The parasites of euphausiids include an array of interspecific associations that ranges from almost innocuous parenthetic epibiotic organisms such as diatoms (McClatchie et al. 1990), suctorians (Nicol 1984, Tarling & Cuzin-Roudy 2008, and apostome exuviotrophic ciliates (Lindley 1978, Rakusa-Suszczewski & Filcek 1988, Landers et al. 2006, to castrators (Field 1969) and parasitoids (Capriulo & Small 1986, Gómez-Gutiérrez et al. 2003, 2006, 2009. It is now apparent that each euphausiid species has a complex interspecific parasite...

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“…The chemosensory abilities of Antarctic krill enable them to discriminate among particles (Hamner et al 1983). Also, when euphausiids encounter patches of phytoplankton their swimming behavior changes and they aggregate in that patch (Price 1989;Strand and Hamner 1990), facilitating their ability to graze on preferred food.…”

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Growth limitation in young Euphausia superba under field conditions

Ross

Quetin

Baker

et al. 2000

Limnology & Oceanography

127

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Growth rates of late furcilia and juvenile Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana) in the spring and summer were related to food quantity and quality. The 4 yr covered by this study (1991-1992, 1993-1994, 1994-1995, and 1995-1996) were part of the seasonal time series of the Palmer Long-Term Ecological Research program. Chlorophyll a concentrations represented food quantity, and accessory photosynthetic pigments represented phytoplankton community composition or food quality. Instantaneous growth rates reflected the in situ nutritional history of the previous intermolt period. The response of krill to the food environment was seen on temporal scales of days to weeks. Percent growth per intermolt period (percentage growth IMP Ϫ1 ) varied significantly both within and between years, ranging from ϳ2 to 10% IMP Ϫ1 . Percent growth IMP Ϫ1 increased with increasing chlorophyll a (Chl a), reaching a maximum of 9.3% IMP Ϫ1 above a critical concentration of about 3.5 mg m Ϫ3. Maximum growth was reached in only 2 yr, 1991-1992 and 1995-1996. In a multiple regression analysis, total Chl a and prymnesiophyteChl a explained over 71% of the temporal variance in growth. In general, highest growth was found toward the end of diatom blooms and lowest during periods of low phytoplankton biomass or blooms dominated by cryptophytes and prymnesiophytes. The results of this study support the hypothesis that maximum growth rates are only possible during diatom blooms and that production in Antarctic krill is limited by both food quantity and quality.

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Schooling behavior of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) in laboratory aquaria: Reactions to chemical and visual stimuli

Cited by 63 publications

References 11 publications

Influence of physical and biological mesoscale dynamics on the seasonal distribution and behavior of Euphausia superba in the antarctic marginal ice zone

Influence of physical and biological mesoscale dynamics on the seasonal distribution and behavior of Euphausia superba in the antarctic marginal ice zone

Parasite diversity of Nyctiphanes simplex and Nematoscelis difficilis (Crustacea: Euphausiacea) along the northwestern coast of Mexico

Growth limitation in young Euphausia superba under field conditions

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