Schizokinen, the Siderophore of the Plant Deleterious Bacterium Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum ATCC 11696

Budzikiewicz, H.; Münzinger, Maik; Taraz, K.; Meyer, Jean‐Marie

doi:10.1515/znc-1997-7-812

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…The putative cysK-ssd operon does not appear to code for enzymes necessary to synthesize a dihydroxamate siderophore like schizokinen, which R. solanacearum ATCC 11696 reportedly produces (5). A search for homologs of the cysK-ssd operon in various databases revealed a very similar region in the genome of R. metallidurans CH34 that is involved in siderophore production (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We were intrigued by the juxtaposition of these two global-acting transcriptional regulators and wondered whether iron scavenging is required for virulence of R. solanacearum, like it is for several other plant pathogenic bacteria (16). Budzikiewicz et al (5) reported that, like B. megaterium, the R. solanacearum type strain (ATCC 11696; also known as K60) produces the dihydroxamate citrate-containing siderophore schizokinen. Nothing was known about the genetics of schizokinen production in either bacterium, so we used transposon mutagenesis to create R. solanacearum mutants defective in iron-scavenging ability.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Ralstonia solanacearum Iron Scavenging by the Siderophore Staphyloferrin B Is Controlled by PhcA, the Global Virulence Regulator

Bhatt

Denny

2004

J Bacteriol

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PhcA is a transcriptional regulator that activates expression of multiple virulence genes in the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. Relative to their wild-type parents, phcA mutants overproduced iron-scavenging activity detected with chrome azurol S siderophore detection medium. Transposon mutagenesis of strain AW1-PC (phcA1) generated strain GB6, which was siderophore negative but retained weak iron-scavenging activity. The ssd gene inactivated in GB6 encodes a protein similar to group IV amino acid decarboxylases, and its transcription was repressed by iron(III) and PhcA. ssd is the terminal gene in a putative operon that also appears to encode three siderophore synthetase subunits, a integral membrane exporter, and three genes with no obvious role in siderophore production. A homologous operon was found in the genomes of Ralstonia metallidurans and Staphylococcus aureus, both of which produce the polycarboxylate siderophore staphyloferrin B. Comparison of the siderophores present in culture supernatants of R. solanacearum, R. metallidurans, and Bacillus megaterium using chemical tests, a siderophore utilization bioassay, thin-layer chromatography, and mass spectroscopy indicated that R. solanacearum produces staphyloferrin B rather than schizokinen as was reported previously. Inactivation of ssd in a wild-type AW1 background resulted in a mutant almost incapable of scavenging iron but normally virulent on tomato plants. AW1 did not produce siderophore activity when cultured in tomato xylem sap, suggesting that the main location in tomato for R. solanacearum during pathogenesis is iron replete.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Ralstonia solanacearum Iron Scavenging by the Siderophore Staphyloferrin B Is Controlled by PhcA, the Global Virulence Regulator

Bhatt

Denny

2004

J Bacteriol

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“…It was named after its cell division promoting effect observed with Bacillus cultures (200). Its structure was elucidated by degradation and spectral data and confirmed by synthesis (43,202,237,248). For a compilation of details on structural data the review (39) should be consulted.…”

Section: Siderophores With Two Hydroxamic Acid Unitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For a compilation of details on structural data the review (39) should be consulted. Both natural and synthetic schizokinen is accompanied by the cyclized schizokinen A (43,202,237,248). Schizokinen forms a 1:1 complex with Fe 3+ , but at the central hydroxy group acetylated schizokinen yields (Fe 3+ ) 2 Lig 3 .…”

Section: Siderophores With Two Hydroxamic Acid Unitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Siderophores

Budzikiewicz

2010

Fortschritte Der Chemie Organischer Naturstoffe / Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products, Vol. 92

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“…This molecule is produced by some bacteria (Budzikiewicz et al 1997) and by members of the freshwater cyanobacterial genus Anabaena (Simpson and Neilands 1976;Nicolaisen et al 2008). The presence of schizokinen inhibits the growth of ironlimited cells of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Matz et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma membrane ferric reductase activity of iron-limited algal cells is inhibited by ferric chelators

Sonier

Weger

2010

Biometals

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Iron-limited cells of the green alga Chlorella kesslerii use a reductive mechanism to acquire Fe(III) from the extracellular environment, in which a plasma membrane ferric reductase reduces Fe(III)-chelates to Fe(II), which is subsequently taken up by the cell. Previous work has demonstrated that synthetic chelators both support ferric reductase activity (when supplied as Fe(III)-chelates) and inhibit ferric reductase. In the present set of experiments we extend these observations to naturally-occurring chelators and their analogues (desferrioxamine B mesylate, schizokinen, two forms of dihydroxybenzoic acid) and also two formulations of the commonly-used herbicide N-(phoshonomethyl)glycine (glyphosate). The ferric forms of the larger siderophores (desferrioxamine B mesylate, schizokinen) and Fe(III)-N-(phoshonomethyl)glycine (as the isopropylamine salt) all supported rapid rates of ferric reductase activity, while the iron-free forms inhibited reductase activity. The smaller siderophores/siderophore precursors, 2,3- and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acids, did not support high rates of reductase in the ferric form but did inhibit reductase activity in the iron-free form. Bioassays indicated that Fe(III)-chelates that supported high rates of ferric reductase activity also supported a large stimulation in the growth of iron-limited cells, and that an excess of iron-free chelator decreased the growth rate. With respect to N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine, there were differences between the pure compound (free acid form) and the most common commercial formulation (which also contains isopropylamine) in terms of supporting and inhibiting ferric reductase activity and growth. Overall, these results suggest that photosynthetic organisms that use a reductive strategy for iron acquisition both require, and are potentially simultaneously inhibited by, ferric chelators. Furthermore, these results also may provide an explanation for the frequently contradictory results of N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine application to crops: we suggest that low concentrations of this molecule likely solubilize Fe(III), making it available for plant growth, but that higher (but sub-lethal) concentrations decrease iron acquisition by inhibiting ferric reductase activity.

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Schizokinen, the Siderophore of the Plant Deleterious Bacterium Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum ATCC 11696

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Ralstonia solanacearum Iron Scavenging by the Siderophore Staphyloferrin B Is Controlled by PhcA, the Global Virulence Regulator

Ralstonia solanacearum Iron Scavenging by the Siderophore Staphyloferrin B Is Controlled by PhcA, the Global Virulence Regulator

Microbial Siderophores

Plasma membrane ferric reductase activity of iron-limited algal cells is inhibited by ferric chelators

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