Schistosomiasis in the first 1000 days

Freer, Joseph; Bourke, Claire D.; Durhuus, Gunn H; Kjetland, Eyrun Floerecke; Prendergast, Andrew J.

doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30490-5

Cited by 49 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…We did not collect information on the socioeconomic status of families as this was not felt to be significantly variable in the rural communities assessed, however this may have compounded availability of good nutritional intake for some children. This study did not sample urine for Schistosomiasis haematobium which has been associated with stunting in preschool children [39], there is also evidence for association between maternal genitourinary schistosomiasis infection and low birth weight [40]. Although local prevalence levels are not available in either of these groups, it remains credible in this geographic environment that this may also be impacting growth both in utero and in the early years of life.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

A prevalence survey of enteral parasites in preschool children in the Mangochi District of Malawi

et al. 2019

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Background: Helminthic and protozoan infections are common, particularly in low-or middle-income countries. Although an association between parasite carriage and markers of poor growth have been shown in some studies, systematic reviews have suggested only a modest impact of clearing carriage. The prevalence of these pathogens and the effect that they have on growth in preschool children has never been investigated in Malawi. Methods: One hundred ninety-three children aged 0-72 months were randomly recruited from rural villages in the Mangochi district of Malawi. Formol-ether concentration was performed on stool and the samples examined with a light microscope. Anthropometric data was taken for each child and the haemoglobin measured with a point of care test. Results: The mean age of the children was 2 years 4 months. Overall prevalence of intestinal parasite infection was 37.3%. Protozoa were found in 28.5% of children, while helminths were found in 8.8%. The most commonly found organisms were Giardia lambia (12.4%), Entamoeba coli (10.4%) and Hookworm species (3.6%). Stunting was seen in 47.8% of children, 12.9% were underweight and 5.0% were wasted. No significant association was found between markers of poor growth and infection with any intestinal parasite. Conclusions: We found that prevalence of helminth infection was low in preschool children living in the Mangochi district compared to international standards. However a significant proportion of the preschool population are infected with protozoa, particularly Giardia lambia. In this cohort, despite a significant prevalence of stunting, helminth infection was not significantly associated with any markers of poor growth. The significance of protozoal carriage and contribution to growth restriction in this context creates further avenues for future research.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

A prevalence survey of enteral parasites in preschool children in the Mangochi District of Malawi

et al. 2019

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“…Another main reason for excluding the PSAC is because of the lack of a paediatric dose formulation of praziquantel [12]. The first encounter with schistosomiasis occurs during the first five years of life [13]. This infection then persists, leading to a natural immune system change and increasing morbidity and risk of co-infections; as well as affecting cognition and growth [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical morbidity associated with Schistosoma haematobium infection in pre‐school age children from an endemic district in Zimbabwe

Mduluza-Jokonya

Naicker

Kasambala

et al. 2020

Tropical Med Int Health

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Objective To investigate Schistosoma haematobium morbidity in infected pre‐school age children and establish their disease burden. Methodology Pre‐school age children (1–5 years) who were lifelong residents of the study area and had no other infections were included in the study. Participants underwent a physical examination with clinicians blinded to their infection status. Diagnosis of S. haematobium was by urine filtration. Results The prevalence of S. haematobium was 35.1% (146/416). The clinical features observed in patients with Schistosoma haematobium were as follows: wheezes (morbidity attributable factor (AF = 93.9%), haematuria (AF = 92.6%), ascites (AF = 91.5%), atopy (AF = 76.9%), inguinal lymphadenopathy (AF = 68.4%), stunting (AF = 38.2), malnutrition (MUAC)(AF = 20%) and weight for height scales (AF = 5%). Schistosoma. haematobium infected children were at greater odds ratio of presenting with inguinal lymphadenopathy (AOR)=99.2(95% CI 24.2 to 854.5), wheezes in the chest (AOR = 35.4 95% CI 15.3 to 94.2), Distended abdomen with ascites (AOR = 23.9 95% CI 11.4 to 54), haematuria (AOR = 12.6 95% CI 11.6 to 14.1), atopy history (AOR = 5.6 95% CI 1.85 to 20.2), malnutrition (AOR = 2.3 95% CI 1.4 to 3.2) and stunting (AOR = 1.9 95% CI 1.1 to2.7). Conclusion The study is novel as it demonstrates for the first time clinical morbidity markers associated with S. haematobium infection in pre‐school age children. Furthermore the study adds scientific evidence to the call for inclusion of pre‐school age children in schistosomiasis control programmes. These morbidity markers highlight the need for early diagnosis and screening for S. haematobium in pre‐school age children.

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“…Our study supports a growing consensus for the need to expand control programs to treat and prevent infection among preschool age children in endemic settings. 25 In communities along the shores of Lake Victoria, antibody response to SEA showed that 55% of children were infected by age three years, at least two years before they would be eligible to receive treatment through school-based MDA. Global control programs currently exclude preschool age children due in part to lack of evidence for efficacy and safety in this group, but clinical trials are in progress to develop safe delivery methods for praziquantel for children under 6 years old.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fine-scale heterogeneity in Schistosoma mansoni force of infection measured through antibody response

Arnold

Kanyi

Njenga

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Identifying populations with active transmission and monitoring changes in transmission is centrally important in guiding schistosomiasis control programs. Traditionally, human Schistosoma mansoni infections have been detected in stool using microscopy, which is logistically difficult at program scale and has low sensitivity when people have low infection burdens. We compared serological measures of transmission based on antibody response to schistosomiasis soluble egg antigen (SEA) with stool-based measures of infection among 3,663 preschool-age children in an area endemic for S. mansoni in western Kenya. Serological measures of transmission closely aligned with stool-based measures of infection, and serological measures provided better resolution for between-community differences at lower levels of infection. Serology enabled fine-scale measures of heterogeneity in force of infection both geographically and by age. Our results show that serologic surveillance platforms represent an important new opportunity to guide and monitor schistosomiasis control programs.

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Schistosomiasis in the first 1000 days

Cited by 49 publications

References 103 publications

A prevalence survey of enteral parasites in preschool children in the Mangochi District of Malawi

A prevalence survey of enteral parasites in preschool children in the Mangochi District of Malawi

Clinical morbidity associated with Schistosoma haematobium infection in pre‐school age children from an endemic district in Zimbabwe

Fine-scale heterogeneity in Schistosoma mansoni force of infection measured through antibody response

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