Scenarios for vehicular air pollutant emissions abatement: a case study in Hangzhou, China

Li, Xinxing; Tian, Wenxi; Fu, Ang-yi; Du, Wei-fei; Wang, Cui

doi:10.1631/jzus.a1400013

Cited by 48 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 480 publications

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“…All the four samples showed typical absorption peaks of polysaccharides: the absorption bands at 3200–3400 cm −1 , representing O–H vibrations; cm −1 , others, in order : 2927–2891 cm −1 (C–H), 1638–1597 cm −1 (C=O), 1410–1415 cm −1 (C=O), 1247–1257 cm −1 (S=O), and 1134–1150 cm −1 (C–O) characteristic peaks vibrations, [8,15]; 891 and 882 cm −1 represent the presence of β-pyranoses [16]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The small absorption bands at about 898 cm −1 in the spectrum could be associated with β- d -glycosidic linkages between the pyranose units [8]. As the main component of DAP are glucose, the presence of β- d -glucan with pyran group in DAP could be deduced [16,28,29]. It was reported by other researchers that β- d -glucan is a polysaccharide with known significant biological functionality, for example: cytotoxic macrophage activation, anti-diabetic effects, promoting the differentiation of T cells, and so on, for some immune functions [12,30,31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was reported by other researchers that β- d -glucan is a polysaccharide with known significant biological functionality, for example: cytotoxic macrophage activation, anti-diabetic effects, promoting the differentiation of T cells, and so on, for some immune functions [12,30,31]. Additionally, the FT-IR spectra of ULLP and SCP are very similar, and mannose could be observed in both ULLP and SCP, with the characteristic absorptions at 880 cm −1 , which were attributed to the β-mannose absorption peaks with a pyranose structure due to the C–H variable angle vibration of beta anomer epimers [16]. Therefore, it can be concluded that all the four seaweed polysaccharides belong to β-type polysaccharide with a pyranose group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Potential Antioxidant Activity of the Polysaccharides from Four Seaweeds

Chen

et al. 2016

IJMS

108

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Four seaweed polysaccharides were extracted from Sarcodia ceylonensis, Ulva lactuca L., Gracilaria lemaneiformis, and Durvillaea antarctica, respectively, by microwave-assisted extraction. The effect of three significant variables (extraction time, extraction temperature, and the ratio of water to raw material) on the process for extracting polysaccharides was investigated, along with the optimization of the extraction using the response surface method (RSM) with a Box–Behnken design. The polysaccharide structure, monosaccharide composition, degree of sulfation, and molecular weight (MW) distribution were analyzed by infrared (IR) spectrometry, gas chromatography (GC), and high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC). IR spectrometry showed that Sarcodia ceylonensis polysaccharide (SCP), Ulva lactuca L. polysaccharide (ULLP), and Durvillaea antarctica polysaccharide (DAP) were all sulfated polysaccharides and, except Gracilaria lemaneiformis polysaccharide (GLP), all belong to β-pyranosidic polysaccharides. The average molecular weight (MW) of SCP, ULLP, GLP, and DAP was 466, 404, 591, and 482 kDa, respectively. The quantitative and comparative results with external standards indicated that the main monosaccharide in SCP and ULLP was mannose; and GLP and DAP were mainly composed of galactose and glucose, respectively. Then the in vitro antioxidant activity of all of the polysaccharides was evaluated using different assays—2,2–azino –bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6- sulfonate) (ABTS), hydroxyl radical, nitrite scavenging capacity, and reducing power—and the relationship between their antioxidant activity and chemical characteristics were also examined. ULLP presented the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity; ULLP, SCP and DAP also showed a strong effect on the ABTS radical scavenging activity. SCP and ULLP exhibited excellent hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, about 83.33% ± 2.31% and 80.07% ± 2.17%, respectively, at 4 mg/mL. The reducing power of DAP was relatively more pronounced than that of the three other polysaccharides. However, the nitrite scavenging activities of the four seaweed polysaccharides were weaker than other antioxidant activity (ABTS), hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity, and reducing power. In addition, GLP exhibited lower activities than the other three samples in all of the tests for the antioxidant activity.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Potential Antioxidant Activity of the Polysaccharides from Four Seaweeds

Chen

et al. 2016

IJMS

108

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“…The polysaccharide contents (%) of APS and GPS were measured by vitriol-anthrone [17] taking anhydrous glucose as standard control. The percentage content (%) of APS and GPS were 79.50 and 75, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccination with Astragalus and Ginseng Polysaccharides Improves Immune Response of Chickens against H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus

Abdullahi

Kallon

et al. 2016

BioMed Research International

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To determine the effect of astragalus and ginseng polysaccharides (APS, GPS) on immune response and improvement of H5N1 vaccine, 360-day-old broilers were randomly divided into 8 groups of 45 chicks, comprising APS groups (1–3); GPS groups (4–6); vaccine group (7); and blank control (8) (without polysaccharide and vaccine). From day 12 after hatch groups 1–3 were given APS and groups 4–6 with GPS both at 100, 200, and 400 (mg/kg), respectively. At day 15 after hatch, groups 1–7 were vaccinated with 0.3 mL H5N1 vaccine subcutaneously; daily weight gain (DWG) and serum Ig antibody (by HI-test) were measured on 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after vaccination. Serum antibody titers and expression of cytokines (IL-2, IL-10, I FN-γ, and TNF) were determined by ELISA and RT-PCR. Results revealed that all the polysaccharide groups were numerically increased in antibody levels and the expression of cytokines was significant (P < 0.05) in the APS and GPS groups compared to corresponding vaccine group and blank control. DWG was higher (P < 0.05) in 400 mg/kg APS groups than control groups. Thus oral supplements of GPS and APS have shown their potential in the improvement of immune response and could be used as adjuvant in a formulation of H5N1 vaccine.

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“…Eliminating substandard vehicles, upgrading vehicle standards, supplying low-sulfur oil, and introducing alternative fuel vehicles could simultaneously reduce the four key pollutants (CO, volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter) [28]. The impact of urbanization on air pollution diffusion in Hangzhou City has been investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Spatiotemporal Distribution of Air Pollutants and Their Relationship with Land-Use Patterns in Hangzhou City, China

et al. 2017

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Abstract:Air pollution contributes to a large fraction of the total mortality estimated under the global burden of disease project (GBD) of the World Health Organization (WHO). This paper discusses an integrated study to obtain the spatiotemporal characteristics of particulate matter (PM 10 and PM 2.5 ) and trace gases (O 3 , SO 2 , NO 2 , and CO) pollutants in Hangzhou City (China) for the years 2014-2016. Our detailed analysis shows a relationship between air pollutants and land-use/land-cover change. Air quality parameters (PM 2.5 and PM 10 ) and trace gases (SO 2 , NO 2 , and CO) show strong monthly variations in the months of January (higher values) and July (lower values). During monsoon and summer seasons, air quality and trace gases show low values, whereas ozone (O 3 ) is higher in the summer and lower in the winter. The spatial distribution of air pollutants is retrieved using the kriging method at the monitoring sites in Hangzhou City. We have considered normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land surface temperature (LST) from the Landsat 8 data. The correlation between air pollutants and land use at the street-town unit suggests that areas with low NDVI, high road density, large built-up density, and LST are consistent with high concentrations of particulate matter and SO 2 , NO 2 , and CO. Among the trace gases, NO 2 is found to be the most sensitive element affected by land use patterns, and O 3 shows weak correlation with land use. SO 2 shows a strong positive correlation with road density and LST, whereas CO shows positive correlation with the built-up density, LST, and population density.

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Scenarios for vehicular air pollutant emissions abatement: a case study in Hangzhou, China

Cited by 48 publications

References 480 publications

Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Potential Antioxidant Activity of the Polysaccharides from Four Seaweeds

Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Potential Antioxidant Activity of the Polysaccharides from Four Seaweeds

Vaccination with Astragalus and Ginseng Polysaccharides Improves Immune Response of Chickens against H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus

The Spatiotemporal Distribution of Air Pollutants and Their Relationship with Land-Use Patterns in Hangzhou City, China

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