Scenario-based investigation of the effects of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) in 11 kV substations in Stockholm

The customer perspective of the electric vehicles role on the electricity market

“…This could have a negative impact to the grid, especially weak grids that would need investments in the infrastructure to maintain stable during larger peaks. Several other studies have shown that if the recharging of the batteries in some way can be controlled as modeled in [26], the charging could be redistributed from peak hours to off-peak hours by load shifting and in this way act as valley filling loads, lower the peak load and flattening the overall load profile [27] [28] [29] [30] [31].…”

Comparative analysis of coordination strategies for electric vehicles

“…The resistive behavior, compared to the inductively behaving transmission level, requires adapted control strategies for frequency and voltage control [71]- [88]. • Distribution-Voltage Scale: At this level, the distribution grid and medium-voltage micro-grids are situated [16], [21], [22], [26], [37], [44], [47], [52], [54], [64], [66], [90], [97]- [99], [104]. This level is being characterized by the expansive medium-voltage grid, which links the high-voltage transmission and low-voltage distribution level.…”

Optimal management of battery charging of electric vehicles: A new microgrid feature

“…The solution of the hourly active power set points corresponding to the individual charging rates of PHEVs can be obtained by solving an optimization problem that involves the minimization of the variance of the active power flow through the MV/LV substation considering the additional consumption of the PHEV batteries. This has been first introduced in [4] and was adopted in this work aiming to improve the system operating conditions through the PHEV additional load transfer from the peak hours to the valley hours and to the periods corresponding to high local generation levels.…”

“…For this purpose, it was assumed that the LV network presented in figure 6 provides electricity for 50 people and in average each 3 people have 2 cars in that area. Based on these assumptions and using the methodology presented in [4], it was estimated that 16% of the ICE-based cars will convert to PHEVs, meaning that 8 PHEVs will plug-in in this LV network. However, this is a future scenario corresponding to the year 2022.…”

“…Since PHEVs will partly get their required energy from the power grid, they are considered as a new type of load with considerable charging requirements and therefore the technical impacts of progressive integration of PHEVs in system operation have to be evaluated based on planned scenarios, especially for distribution networks [3], [4]. In addition, it should be taken into account further scenarios characterized by increasing penetration levels of renewable power sources with intermittent nature, such as wind and photovoltaic generation, and also microgeneration systems connected to Low Voltage (LV) distribution grids.…”