Scar Model

Allemand, Mathias; Grünenfelder‐Steiger, Andrea E.; Flückiger, Christoph

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_855

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Why did higher T2 stress reactivity mediate the relationship between T1 GAD and T3 MDD severity? It is possible that experiencing GAD symptoms for long durations results in more intense stress reactivity as a scarring effect (Allemand et al, 2020;Lewinsohn et al, 1981;Rohde et al, 1990). For instance, GAD is characterized by hypervigilance to possible threats and acute emotional responses to adverse situations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Simultaneously, scar models propose that experiencing more severe GAD and MDD symptoms may have long-term effects on certain individual dispositions. Considering these theories, anxiety and depression could impact trait stress reactivity in the long term (Allemand et al, 2020;Lewinsohn et al, 1981;Rohde et al, 1990). For instance, as anxiety and depression are theorized to be disorders of emotion dysregulation, dysfunctional emotional response patterns in individuals with elevated GAD and MDD could contribute to increased trait stress reactivity over prolonged durations (Cludius et al, 2020;Fernandez et al, 2016).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The mediating effect of stress reactivity in the 18-year bidirectional relationship between generalized anxiety and depression severity

Barber

Zainal

Newman

2023

Journal of Affective Disorders

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The mediating effect of stress reactivity in the 18-year bidirectional relationship between generalized anxiety and depression severity

Barber

Zainal

Newman

2023

Journal of Affective Disorders

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“…The current study examined future perceptions as risk or protective factors for later depressive outcomes. Due to the limitation of the study design, it was not possible to test the opposite direction, that negative future perceptions reflect consequences of depressive symptoms—a hypothesis based on the scar (or consequences) model, which assumes that the experience of a mental disorder, such as a major depression, leaves individuals with “scars” that have lasting effects on their patterns of experience and behavior (Allemand et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptions of the future in adolescence predict depressive symptoms in adolescence and early and middle adulthood.

Allemand¹,

Fend²,

Hill³

2022

Developmental Psychology

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The current longitudinal study examined the predictive associations between the development of future perceptions in adolescence and depressive symptoms in adolescence and early and middle adulthood. Participants (N = 1,527; 48.3% female; broadly representative of Western Germany with respect to race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status) were measured yearly in adolescence at the age of 12 to 16 years and then in adulthood at the age of 35 and 45. Future perceptions were assessed during adolescence, whereas depressive symptoms were assessed at the age of 16, 35, and 45. Three important results stand out. First, the measure of future perceptions functioned equivalently across adolescence. Second, the development of future perceptions during adolescence varied across individuals, though mean-level stability was evidenced in the sample. Third, individual differences in the level and change of future perceptions during adolescence predicted depressive symptoms in adolescence and adulthood. These findings demonstrate that one’s perception of the future not only has short-term affective consequences but may have long-term effects on depressive symptoms beyond adolescence.

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“…Interpersonal models also postulate that relationship difficulties and social dysfunction may arise as a consequence, or scar effect, of experiencing depressive and anxiety disorders (Allemand et al, 2020;Horowitz, 2004;Lewinsohn et al, 1981). Notably, MDD and GAD are associated with suboptimal interpersonal tendencies, such as overdependence and conflict avoidance (Erickson & Newman, 2007;Hames et al, 2013;Przeworski et al, 2011b;Shin & Newman, 2019).…”

Section: Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Positive Relationships Mediate the Bidirectional Connections Between Depression and Anxiety Symptoms

Barber¹,

Zainal²,

Newman³

2022

Preprint

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Introduction: Major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) co-occur at high rates, often preceding and predicting one another over long durations. Interpersonal theories propose that relationships with others may mediate the longitudinal MDD–GAD pathway. Therefore, the current study examined the mediational effect of positive relations with others over 18 years. Methods: Community-dwelling adults (n = 3,294) completed self-reports at three time-points, each spaced about nine years apart. GAD and MDD symptoms (Composite International Diagnostic Interview–Short Form) were assessed at Time 1 (T1) and Time 3 (T3). The level of positive relations (Psychological Well-Being Scale–Positive Relations with Others) was measured at Time 2 (T2). Structural equation mediation modeling was used for data analysis. Results: Results indicated that T2 positive relations with others significantly mediated the relationship between more severe T1 GAD symptoms and elevated T3 MDD severity (d = 0.36), accounting for 12.2% of the variance of this connection. T2 positive relations with others also mediated the association between higher T1 MDD severity positively predicting more severe T3 GAD symptoms (d = 0.38) and explained 10.7% of the variance. All indirect effects of T2 positive relations with others in the 18-year MDD-GAD pathway were significant after adjusting for age, gender, education, and baseline symptoms (d = 0.20¬–0.37). Conclusions: Supporting interpersonal theories, lack of positive relationships with others mediated the 18-year bidirectional connections between GAD and MDD symptoms. Cognitive-behavioral therapies could be augmented by incorporating strategies that enhance interpersonal functioning and perceived social support.

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Scar Model

Cited by 6 publications

References 10 publications

The mediating effect of stress reactivity in the 18-year bidirectional relationship between generalized anxiety and depression severity

The mediating effect of stress reactivity in the 18-year bidirectional relationship between generalized anxiety and depression severity

Perceptions of the future in adolescence predict depressive symptoms in adolescence and early and middle adulthood.

Positive Relationships Mediate the Bidirectional Connections Between Depression and Anxiety Symptoms

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